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. 2021 Dec 22;11(1):9.
doi: 10.3390/pathogens11010009.

Temporal Study of Salmonella enterica Serovars Isolated from Fluff Samples from Ontario Poultry Hatcheries between 2009 and 2018

Carolyn E Murray  1 , Csaba Varga  2 , Rachel Ouckama  3 , Michele T Guerin  1
Affiliations

Temporal Study of Salmonella enterica Serovars Isolated from Fluff Samples from Ontario Poultry Hatcheries between 2009 and 2018

Carolyn E Murray et al. Pathogens. .

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, temporal trends, seasonal patterns, and temporal clustering of Salmonella enterica isolated from fluff samples from poultry hatcheries in Ontario between 2009 and 2018. A scan statistic was used to identify clusters of common serovars and those of human health concern. A multi-level logistic regression model was used to identify factors (poultry commodity, year, season) associated with S. enterica presence. The period prevalence of S. enterica was 7.5% in broiler hatcheries, 1.6% in layer hatcheries, 7.6% in turkey hatcheries, 29.7% in waterfowl hatcheries, and 13.8% in game-bird hatcheries. An overall increasing trend in S. enterica prevalence was identified in waterfowl and game-bird hatcheries, while a decreasing trend was identified in broiler and turkey hatcheries. Overall, the most common S. enterica serovars were Kentucky, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Senftenberg. Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis was the most common serovar in waterfowl hatcheries. Temporal clusters were identified for all poultry commodities. Seasonal effects varied by commodity, with the highest odds of S. enterica occurring in the summer and fall. Our study offers information on the prevalence and temporality of S. enterica serovars that might guide prevention and control programs at the hatchery level.

Keywords: Canada; Ontario; Salmonella enterica; ducks; fluff; hatchery; monitoring; poultry; public health; temporal cluster.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Trends in the prevalence of Salmonella enterica isolated from fluff samples submitted through the Ontario Hatchery and Supply Flock Policy between 2009 and 2018, by poultry commodity.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Seasonal patterns in the prevalence of Salmonella enterica isolated from fluff samples submitted through the Ontario Hatchery and Supply Flock Policy between 2009 and 2018, by poultry commodity. The y-axis scale may differ between graphs so that details can be observed. # Denotes the season with the highest prevalence each year: W = Winter, Sp = Spring, Su = Summer, F = Fall. (a): broiler hatcheries; (b): layer hatcheries; (c): turkey hatcheries; (d): waterfowl hatcheries; (e): game-bird hatcheries.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Seasonal patterns in the prevalence of Salmonella enterica isolated from fluff samples submitted through the Ontario Hatchery and Supply Flock Policy between 2009 and 2018, by poultry commodity. The y-axis scale may differ between graphs so that details can be observed. # Denotes the season with the highest prevalence each year: W = Winter, Sp = Spring, Su = Summer, F = Fall. (a): broiler hatcheries; (b): layer hatcheries; (c): turkey hatcheries; (d): waterfowl hatcheries; (e): game-bird hatcheries.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Trends in the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from fluff samples submitted through the Ontario Hatchery and Supply Flock Policy between 2009 and 2018, by poultry commodity. The y-axis scale may differ between graphs so that details can be observed. (a): broiler hatcheries; (b): layer hatcheries; (c): turkey hatcheries; (d): waterfowl hatcheries; (e): game-bird hatcheries.
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