Review of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Approaches for Type 2 Diabetes and Related Disorders

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which affects many people around the world, is one of the diseases that is on the rise. Various studies have revealed that insulin resistance and lessened insulin production have been associated with T2D, and they also show that this disease can have a genetic origin and is associated with different genes, such as KCNQ1, PPAR-γ, calpain-10, ADIPOR2, TCF7L2, which can be utilized as therapeutic targets. Different therapeutic approaches and strategies such as exercise and diet, pharmacological approaches, and utilization of nanoparticles in drug delivery and gene therapy can be effective in the treatment and control of T2D. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and sodiumglucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) have both been considered as drug classes in the treatment of T2D and T2D-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease and renal disease, and have considerable influences such as diminished cardiovascular mortality in individuals with T2D, ameliorated postprandial glycaemia, ameliorated fasting glycaemia, and diminished bodyweight on disease treatment and improvement process. In the present review article, we have attempted to explore the risk factors, genes, and diseases associated with T2D, therapeutic approaches in T2D, the influences of drugs such as dapagliflozin, metformin, acarbose, Januvia (sitagliptin), and ertugliflozin on T2D in clinical trials and animal model studies. Research in clinical trials has promising results that support the role of these drug approaches in T2D prophylaxis and ameliorate safety even though additional clinical research is still obligatory.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; GLP-1; SGLT2; hyperglycemia; therapeutic approaches; type 2 diabetes.