COVID-19-Related Mortality Risk in People With Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic and Critical Review

Marc De Hert; Victor Mazereel; Marc Stroobants; Livia De Picker; Kristof Van Assche; Johan Detraux

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.798554

COVID-19-Related Mortality Risk in People With Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic and Critical Review

Front Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 13:12:798554. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.798554. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Marc De Hert^{1

2}, Victor Mazereel¹, Marc Stroobants³, Livia De Picker^{4

5}, Kristof Van Assche^{2

6}, Johan Detraux⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium.
² Antwerp Health Law and Ethics Chair, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
³ Biomedical Library, University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium.
⁴ Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁵ University Psychiatric Hospital Campus Duffel, Duffel, Belgium.
⁶ Research Group Personal Rights and Property Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁷ Department of Neurosciences, Public Health Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium.

Abstract

Background: Increasing clinical evidence suggests that people with severe mental illness (SMI), including schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD), are at higher risk of dying from COVID-19. Several systematic reviews examining the association between psychiatric disorders and COVID-19-related mortality have recently been published. Although these reviews have been conducted thoroughly, certain methodological limitations may hinder the accuracy of their research findings. Methods: A systematic literature search, using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases (from inception to July 23, 2021), was conducted for observational studies assessing the risk of death associated with COVID-19 infection in adult patients with pre-existing schizophrenia spectrum disorders, BD, or MDD. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results: Of 1,446 records screened, 13 articles investigating the rates of death in patients with pre-existing SMI were included in this systematic review. Quality assessment scores of the included studies ranged from moderate to high. Most results seem to indicate that patients with SMI, particularly patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, are at significantly higher risk of COVID-19-related mortality, as compared to patients without SMI. However, the extent of the variation in COVID-19-related mortality rates between studies including people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders was large because of a low level of precision of the estimated mortality outcome(s) in certain studies. Most studies on MDD and BD did not include specific information on the mood state or disease severity of patients. Due to a lack of data, it remains unknown to what extent patients with BD are at increased risk of COVID-19-related mortality. A variety of factors are likely to contribute to the increased mortality risk of COVID-19 in these patients. These include male sex, older age, somatic comorbidities (particularly cardiovascular diseases), as well as disease-specific characteristics. Conclusion: Methodological limitations hamper the accuracy of COVID-19-related mortality estimates for the main categories of SMIs. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that SMI is associated with excess COVID-19 mortality. Policy makers therefore must consider these vulnerable individuals as a high-risk group that should be given particular attention. This means that targeted interventions to maximize vaccination uptake among these patients are required to address the higher burden of COVID-19 infection in this already disadvantaged group.

Keywords: COVID-19; bipolar disorder; major depressive disorder; mortality; schizophrenia; severe mental illness.