Introduction: We aimed to study the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in patients with COVID-19 infection and evaluate the impact of vitamin D levels on the severity of symptoms and the case fatality rate.
Evidence acquisition: A comprehensive literature search was performed up to December 20, 2020, using the following databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and preprint databases (BioRxiv and MedRxiv). Any individual observational study related to the prevalence and impact of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency (VDD/VDI) on the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and mortality rates was included. No language restrictions were applied, and both published and non-published studies were included.
Evidence synthesis: Two of the authors independently performed the literature search and assessed the eligibility of studies. The quality of studies included was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were analyzed using the Review Manager Software (version 5) and Comprehensive Meta-analysis Software (version 3). A total of 43 studies were included with a sample size of 254,963 patients with COVID-19. Pooled analysis showed a higher prevalence of VDD and VDI in patients with COVID-19 (59.0% and 40.1%, respectively). Moreover, a significant association was noticed between vitamin D levels and severity of symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 3.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.94-5.87, P < 0.0001), as well as the case fatality rate (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.47-3.59, P < 0.00001).
Conclusions: VDD is highly prevalent in patients with COVID-19 infection. Lower vitamin D levels correlate with disease severity and poor prognosis although most of the data have been derived from moderate-quality observational studies.
Keywords: 25-OH vitamin D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; COVID-19; Vitamin D; coronavirus.
Copyright: © 2021 Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism.