Effect of the Aza-N-Bridge and Push-Pull Moieties: A Comparative Study between BODIPYs and Aza-BODIPYs

J Org Chem. 2022 Mar 4;87(5):2569-2579. doi: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02525. Epub 2022 Feb 21.

Abstract

In the field of fluorescent dyes, difluoroboron-dipyrromethenes (BODIPY) have a highly respected position. To predict their photophysical properties prior to synthesis and therefore to successfully design molecules specifically for one's needs, a solid structure-function understanding based on experimental observations is vital. This work delivers a photophysical evaluation of BODIPY and aza-BODIPY derivatives equipped with different electron-withdrawing/-donating substituents. Using combinatorial chemistry, pyrroles substituted with electron-donating/-withdrawing substituents were condensed together in two different manners, thus providing two sets of molecules. The only difference between the two sets is the bridging unit providing a so far lacking comparison between BODIPYs and aza-BODIPYs structural homologues. Replacing the meso-methine bridge with an aza-N bridge results in a red-shifted transition and considerably different, temperature-activated, excited-state relaxation pathways. The effect of electron-donating units on the absorption but not emission for BODIPYs was suppressed compared to aza-BODIPYs. This result could be evident in a substitution pattern-dependent Stokes shift. The outlook of this study is a deeper understanding of the structure-optics relationship of the (aza)-BODIPY-dye class, leading to an improvement in the de novo design of tailor-made molecules for future applications.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Boron Compounds
  • Fluorescent Dyes* / chemistry
  • Pyrroles* / chemistry

Substances

  • Boron Compounds
  • Fluorescent Dyes
  • Pyrroles
  • azaBDPBA compound