Thinning of the Skull Base and Calvarial Thickness in Patients With Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Abstract

Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder characterized by elevated intracranial pressure without secondary causes on neuroimaging. IIH typically occurs in young, obese female patients and, when severe, can cause permanent and irreversible vision loss. The association between skull base thinning in patients with intracranial hypertension and obesity has been previously reported; however, no study has reported these findings in IIH. The goal of our study is to determine whether IIH is independently associated with skull base and calvarial thinning.

Methods: A retrospective, matched case-control study was performed. Each patient diagnosed with IIH (case) was matched with a patient diagnosed with headache (control) by age, gender, and race. Patients were included if they underwent computed tomographic imaging of the head, maxillofacial, or orbits within 3 months of their diagnosis. Exclusion criteria were history of skull base or frontal bone pathology because of surgery or skull trauma, central nervous system infections, or incomplete radiologic data. Patient demographics, medical history, clinical examination, and skull base, calvarial, and zygoma thickness were recorded. Skull base thickness was measured by the height of the auditory canal in the coronal plane. Calvarial thickness was measured just anterior to the foramen rotundum in the coronal plane. Extracranial zygoma thickness was measured and used as an internal imaging control because the zygoma is not subject to intracranial forces.

Results: One hundred twenty-six patients were included in the study, 63 cases and 63 controls. Each group comprised 61 female patients (97%), 24 (38%) Caucasian, 23 (37%) black, 1 (2%) Asian, and 15 (24%) others. The average age was 31.5 ± 8.7 years. Patients with IIH were more likely to be obese (n = 60, 95%) compared with the control patients (n = 23, 37%, P < 0.001). All patients with IIH underwent lumbar puncture (LP) with an average opening pressure (OP) of 40.5 ± 15.6 cm H2O, whereas only 13 (20%) controls underwent an LP with a mean OP of 19.5 ± 8.5 cm H2O. There was no statistical difference in mean visual acuity between the IIH and control groups (logMar 0.22 [20/30] ± 0.45 vs logMar 0.09 [20/25] ± 0.30, P = 0.093, respectively). Compared with the controls, patients with IIH were more likely to have headache (97% vs 74%, P = 0.001), pulsatile tinnitus (48% vs 7%, P < 0.001), horizontal binocular diplopia (24% vs 4%, P = 0.006), confrontational visual field deficit (23% vs 2%, P = 0.003), and papilledema (74% vs 0%, P < 0.001). Patients with IIH had thinner skull base and calvarium width compared with the controls (mean skull base thickness 4.17 ± 0.94 mm vs 5.05 ± 1.12 mm, P < 0.001 and mean calvarial width 1.50 ± 0.50 mm vs 1.71 ± 0.61 mm, P = 0.024). Zygoma thickness was similar in both groups (mean zygoma thickness 1.18 ± 0.30 mm in the IIH group vs 1.26 ± 0.35 mm in the control group, P = 0.105). In a subgroup analysis controlling for obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m2), there was no statistically significant difference in skull base, calvarial, or zygoma thickness between obese and nonobese patients.

Conclusions: Patients with IIH have thinner mean skull base and calvarial thickness compared with the controls. There was no difference in the mean extracranial zygoma thickness, which was the internal imaging control. Contrary to previous reports, we did not find an association between obesity and skull base or calvarial thinning. These findings suggest that IIH is associated with skull base and calvarial thinning.