Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Feb;29(2):781-792.
doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.018. Epub 2021 Nov 19.

Improvement in growth and yield attributes of cluster bean through optimization of sowing time and plant spacing under climate change scenario

Ibrar Hussain  1 , Muqarrab Ali  1 , Adel M Ghoneim  2 , Khurram Shahzad  3 , Omer Farooq  4 , Shahid Iqbal  1 , Fahim Nawaz  1 , Shakeel Ahmad  5 , Viliam Bárek  6 , Marian Brestic  7 , Sami Al Obaid  8 , Shah Fahad  9 , Subhan Danish  10   11 , Suleyman Taban  12 , Hanife Akça  12 , Rahul Datta  11
Affiliations

Improvement in growth and yield attributes of cluster bean through optimization of sowing time and plant spacing under climate change scenario

Ibrar Hussain et al. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022 Feb.

Abstract

Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) yield has plateaued due to reduction in rainfall and rise in temperature. Therefore, its production cycle could not get appropriate water and temperature. It becomes important to standardize the sowing time and plant spacing of cluster beans in changing climate scenarios to get higher productivity. Therefore, a field study was conducted in 2019 at the Research area of MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan to evaluate the effect of four sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) and three plant spacings (10, 12 and 15 cm) on crop growth, yield, and physiological functions of cluster bean genotype BR-2017 under split plot arrangement under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) were placed in the main plot, while plant spacing (10, 12 and 15 cm) was maintained in subplots. The significant effect of sowing time and plant spacing was observed on pod plant-1, pod length, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight. Results showed that 1st June sowing performed better over 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July, while plant spacing 15 cm about in all sowing times showed higher results on growth and yield parameters of cluster bean over plant spacing 10, 12, and 15 cm. The 1st June sowing time at 15 cm plant spacing showed 8.0, 22.7, and 28.5% higher grains pod-1 than 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July sowing, respectively. Maximum grain yield was observed on 1st June in all three spacings (10, 12, and 15 cm). The chord diagram indicates that the crop has received optimum environmental conditions when sown 1st June over other sowing times. In conclusion, 1st June sowing with 15 cm plant spacing could be a good option to achieve maximum productivity of cluster bean under changing climate scenario.

Keywords: Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L; Growth attributes; Planting density; Sowing time.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The daily minimum, maximum and average temperature and rainfall in Multan, Pakistan during the year 2019. The dotted lines are showing the duration of the cluster bean crop.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Impact of sowing times and intra row spacing on pod plant−1 (A) and pod length (B) of cluster bean. The values are the mean of three replication. The error bars represent the standard error (n = 3). Within sowing time, the values are p values computed by Tukey test at p < 0.05.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Impact of sowing times and intra row spacing on cluster plant−1 of cluster bean. The values are the mean of three replication. The error bars represent the standard error (n = 3). Within sowing time, the values are p values computed by Tukey test at p < 0.05.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Impact of sowing times and intra row spacing on plant height (A) and pods cluster-1 (B) of cluster bean. The values are the mean of three replication. The error bars represent the standard error (n = 3). Within sowing time, the values are p values computed by Tukey test at p < 0.05.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Impact of sowing times and planting spacing on grain yield, 100-grain weight, and grain pod-1 of cluster bean. The values are the mean of three replication. The error bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3). Within sowing time, the same letter (s) values are statistically non-significant at p < 0.05.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Impact of sowing times and intra row spacing on grains yield (A), 100 grains weigh (B) and grains pod-1 (C) of cluster bean. The values are the mean of three replication. The error bars represent the standard error (n = 3). Within sowing time, the values are p values computed by Tukey test at p < 0.05.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Impact of sowing times and intra row spacing on transpiration rate (A) and photosynthetic rate (B) of cluster bean. The values are the mean of three replication. The error bars represent the standard error (n = 3). Within sowing time, the values are p values computed by tukey test at p < 0.05.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Impact of sowing times and intra row spacing on leaf area index (A) chlorophyll contents (B) of cluster bean. The values are the mean of three replication. The error bars represent the standard error (n = 3). Within sowing time, the values are p values computed by Tukey test at p < 0.05.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Pearson correlation for different growth and yield attributes.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Chord diagram showing contribution of sowing date (A) plant spacing (B) in improvement of growth and yield attributes of cluster bean.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Acikgoz E., Sincik M., Karasu A., Tongel O., Wietgrefe G., Bilgili U., Oz M., Albayrak S., Turan Z.M., Goksoy A.T. Forage soybean production for seed in mediterranean environments. F. Crop. Res. 2009;110(3):213–218. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.006. - DOI
    1. Ali, Z., Zahul, S., Hussain, M.Z. ul, Bashu., M., 2004. Sowing dates effects on growth, development and yield of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under rainfed conditions of pothowar region. J. Agric Res 42, 33–40.
    1. Ashraf M., Iram A. Drought stress induced changes in some organic substances in nodules and other plant parts of two potential legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora Morphol. Distrib. Funct. Ecol. Plants. 2005;200(6):535–546. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2005.06.005. - DOI
    1. Ayaz, S., McKenzie, B.A., Hill, G.D., McNeil, D.L., 2004. Variability in yield of four grain legume species in a subhumid temperate environment. II. Yield components. J. Agric. Sci. 142, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859604004113.
    1. Ayoub E.Z., Hussein A.M. Effects of sowing date and plant population on snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growth and pod yield in Khartoum State. Univers. J. Agric. Res. 2014;3:115–118.

LinkOut - more resources