Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies

doi:10.3390/toxins14020085

Review

. 2022 Jan 23;14(2):85.

doi: 10.3390/toxins14020085.

Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies

Madhu Kamle¹, Dipendra Kumar Mahato², Akansha Gupta³, Shikha Pandhi³, Nitya Sharma⁴, Bharti Sharma³, Sadhna Mishra^{3

5}, Shalini Arora⁶, Raman Selvakumar⁷, Vivek Saurabh⁸, Jyoti Dhakane-Lad⁹, Manoj Kumar¹⁰, Sreejani Barua^{11

12}, Arvind Kumar³, Shirani Gamlath², Pradeep Kumar¹

Affiliations

¹ Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India.
² CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia.
³ Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
⁴ Food Customization Research Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
⁵ Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India.
⁶ Department of Dairy Technology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India.
⁷ Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
⁸ Division of Food Science and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
⁹ Technology Transfer Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
¹⁰ Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
¹¹ Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
¹² Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.

PMID: 35202113
PMCID: PMC8874403
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020085

Free PMC article

Review

Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies

Madhu Kamle et al. Toxins (Basel). 2022.

Free PMC article

. 2022 Jan 23;14(2):85.

doi: 10.3390/toxins14020085.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India.
² CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia.
³ Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
⁴ Food Customization Research Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
⁵ Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India.
⁶ Department of Dairy Technology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India.
⁷ Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
⁸ Division of Food Science and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
⁹ Technology Transfer Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
¹⁰ Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
¹¹ Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
¹² Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.

PMID: 35202113
PMCID: PMC8874403
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020085

Abstract

Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed.

Keywords: citrinin; detection and management strategies; food and feed contamination; human health.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Chemical structures of citrinin and its decomposition products citrinin H1 and citrinin H2.

**Figure 2**
Schematic illustration of biosynthesis of CIT (adopted from He and Cox [5]).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

1. Dalefield R. Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2017. Mycotoxins and mushrooms; pp. 373–419.
1. Kováč Š., Nemec P., Betina V., Balan J. Chemical structure of citrinin. Nature. 1961;190:1104–1105. doi: 10.1038/1901104a0. - DOI
1. Tangni E.K., Pussemier L. Ochratoxin A and citrinin loads in stored wheat grains: Impact of grain dust and possible prediction using ergosterol measurement. Food Addit. Contam. 2006;23:181–189. doi: 10.1080/02652030500391911. - DOI - PubMed
1. Ostry V., Malir F., Ruprich J. Producers and important dietary sources of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Toxins. 2013;5:1574–1586. doi: 10.3390/toxins5091574. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. He Y., Cox R.J. The molecular steps of citrinin biosynthesis in fungi. Chem. Sci. 2016;7:2119–2127. doi: 10.1039/C5SC04027B. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Dalefield R. Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2017. Mycotoxins and mushrooms; pp. 373–419.

[2] Dalefield R. Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2017. Mycotoxins and mushrooms; pp. 373–419.

[3] Kováč Š., Nemec P., Betina V., Balan J. Chemical structure of citrinin. Nature. 1961;190:1104–1105. doi: 10.1038/1901104a0. - DOI

[4] Kováč Š., Nemec P., Betina V., Balan J. Chemical structure of citrinin. Nature. 1961;190:1104–1105. doi: 10.1038/1901104a0. - DOI

[5] Tangni E.K., Pussemier L. Ochratoxin A and citrinin loads in stored wheat grains: Impact of grain dust and possible prediction using ergosterol measurement. Food Addit. Contam. 2006;23:181–189. doi: 10.1080/02652030500391911. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Tangni E.K., Pussemier L. Ochratoxin A and citrinin loads in stored wheat grains: Impact of grain dust and possible prediction using ergosterol measurement. Food Addit. Contam. 2006;23:181–189. doi: 10.1080/02652030500391911. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Ostry V., Malir F., Ruprich J. Producers and important dietary sources of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Toxins. 2013;5:1574–1586. doi: 10.3390/toxins5091574. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Ostry V., Malir F., Ruprich J. Producers and important dietary sources of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Toxins. 2013;5:1574–1586. doi: 10.3390/toxins5091574. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] He Y., Cox R.J. The molecular steps of citrinin biosynthesis in fungi. Chem. Sci. 2016;7:2119–2127. doi: 10.1039/C5SC04027B. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] He Y., Cox R.J. The molecular steps of citrinin biosynthesis in fungi. Chem. Sci. 2016;7:2119–2127. doi: 10.1039/C5SC04027B. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies

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Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies

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