➤: Biological aging can best be conceptualized clinically as a combination of 3 components: frailty, comorbidity, and disability.
➤: Despite advancements in the understanding of senescence, chronological age remains the best estimate of biological age. However, a useful exercise for practitioners is to look beyond chronological age in clinical and surgical decision-making.
➤: A chronologically aging person does not age biologically at the same rate.
➤: The best way to understand frailty is to consider it as a physical phenotype.
➤: Physical optimization should parallel medical optimization before elective surgery.
➤: The poorer the host (both in terms of bone quality and propensity for healing), the more robust the implant construct must be to minimize reliance on host biology.
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