1 National Clinician Scholars Program, Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: grace.f.chao@yale.edu.
2 Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
3 Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
4 University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
5 Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
6 Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tuscon, AZ, USA.
7 Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.