Three-dimensional computer reconstructions of bony anatomy based on computed tomographic images and radiographs may be used to analyze, simulate, and design certain orthopedic procedures. In osteotomy surgery, the computer-reconstructed models may be used to measure critical angles, surface area, and congruity of the joint surfaces. Computer reconstructions may be used in total joint replacement surgery to simulate the effect of surgical reamers and rasps, to select the geometrically optimum standard implant, or to design a custom implant. In allograft reconstructive surgery, computer reconstructions may be used to measure bony defects and to identify the appropriate allografts for the reconstruction. Plastic models may be sterilized and used as templates to sculpt the allografts immediately preoperatively. In all three applications in orthopedic surgery, three-dimensional, computer-aided reconstructions have the potential to improve results and reduce morbidity.