Current state of knowledge on the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood according to the DSM-5: a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA criteria

Lorena Francés; Javier Quintero; Alberto Fernández; Antoni Ruiz; Jessica Caules; Gabriella Fillon; Amaia Hervás; C Virgínia Soler

doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00462-1

Current state of knowledge on the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood according to the DSM-5: a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA criteria

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2022 Mar 31;16(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s13034-022-00462-1.

Authors

Lorena Francés¹, Javier Quintero^{2

3}, Alberto Fernández⁴, Antoni Ruiz⁵, Jessica Caules⁶, Gabriella Fillon⁷, Amaia Hervás^{5

8

9

10}, C Virgínia Soler¹¹

Affiliations

¹ Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Av. Del Metge Camps 20, 07740, Es Mercadal, Balearic Islands, Spain. lorefran@ucm.es.
² Head of the Psychiatry Service, Infanta Leonor Hospital Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
³ Department of the Complutense, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
⁴ Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
⁵ University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶ Psychopedagogical Center Arrels, Ciutadella, Balearic Islands, Spain.
⁷ Somerset Foundation Trust-National Health System (NHS), London, UK.
⁸ Child-Adolescent Mental Health Unit at the Mutua Terrasa University Hospital, Catalonia, Spain.
⁹ Saint George Hospital in London, London, UK.
¹⁰ Child-Adolescent Psychiatry at Maudsley Hospital, London, UK.
¹¹ Dalt Sant Joan Center (Mahón), Illes Balears, Spain.

Abstract

Objective: To interpret the current evidence on the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) through a systematic review based on both DSM-5 (2013) and PRISMA criteria.

Method: Empirical studies complying with the PRISMA guidelines were identified from four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and ProQuest) and systematically reviewed. In total, 17 articles were selected for the study.

Results: In the scientific literature, there have been only a few studies measuring the prevalence of NDDs according to the DSM-5 (2013) criteria in people under 18 years old. The reported prevalence rates were as follows: intellectual disability (ID), 0.63%; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 5-11%; autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 0.70-3%; specific learning disorder (SLD), 3-10%; communication disorders (CDs), 1-3.42%; and motor disorders (MDs), 0.76-17%. Although there is extensive literature on specific disorders, NDDs have rarely been assessed as a whole. All of the reviewed studies support the idea that such disorders can be considered chronic, heterogeneous, underdiagnosed conditions and that comorbidity of multiple NDDs is the norm. Likewise, it is estimated that the prevalence of the most studied disorders, such as ADHD, ASD and SLD, remains stable over time and is consistent in different cultures, ages, ethnicities and sexes.

Conclusion: The studies reviewed lead us to conclude that the prevalence rate of NDDs fluctuates globally between 4.70 and 88.50%; these variations depend on methodological aspects such as estimation procedures, as well as on sociocontextual phenomena. It is also important to consider that the prevalence found is probably highly influenced by the activity of the countries in the diagnosis and training of professionals who care for children and adolescents. Hence, there is a need for a secondary intervention in the fields of public health and education to minimize socioemotional consequences, prevent academic failure, and reduce the economic cost to society.

Keywords: ADHD; Autism spectrum disorder; Childhood; Diagnosis; Intellectual disability; Language disorder; Learning disability; Motor disorders; Neurodevelopmental disorders; Prevalence.

Publication types

Letter