Associated predictors of functional impairment among adolescents with ADHD-a cross-sectional study

Jenny Meyer; Iman Alaie; Mia Ramklint; Johan Isaksson

doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00463-0

Associated predictors of functional impairment among adolescents with ADHD-a cross-sectional study

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2022 Apr 5;16(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s13034-022-00463-0.

Authors

Jenny Meyer¹, Iman Alaie^{2

3}, Mia Ramklint², Johan Isaksson^{2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden. jenny.meyer@neuro.uu.se.
² Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
³ Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴ Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute Centre of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Abstract

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescence is associated with functional impairment in several domains of life. To enable development of interventions that more effectively target functional impairment in this age group, the associations between clinical characteristics and impairment need to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between ADHD and functional impairment, if they varied by sex, and the potential impact of comorbid psychiatric symptoms on the associations.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including adolescents with ADHD (n = 164) and a reference group of adolescents without ADHD (n = 106). Self-ratings and parental ratings of functional impairment in different life domains were used as outcomes in all analyses. Differences between groups were investigated with comparative analyses. General linear models (GLMs) were used to explore associations between ADHD symptoms and functional impairment in adolescents with ADHD, while adjusting for of comorbid symptoms, sex, and medication.

Results: Adolescents with ADHD displayed higher levels of functional impairment than peers without ADHD, and girls with ADHD rated higher impairment than their male counterparts. The combined ADHD presentation was associated with the highest levels of self-reported impairment, while parental ratings indicated comparable levels of overall impairment across presentations. In the adjusted GLMs, symptoms of inattention were strongly associated with self- and parent-rated impairment in school, but symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity were not, whereas symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity were modestly associated with self-rated impairment with friends. Further, both emotional and conduct problems were associated with impairment in daily life.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that attention difficulties, in particular, seem to impair academic functioning in adolescents with ADHD, and interventions targeting such difficulties are warranted. In addition, comorbid symptoms need to be assessed and treated, and self-reports of functioning should be included in research and clinical practice involving adolescents.

Keywords: ADHD; Adolescents; Functional impairment; Multiple informants.

Abstract

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