Gender Differences in the Associations Between Physical Activity, Smartphone Use, and Weight Stigma

Ping Xu; Jung-Sheng Chen; Yen-Ling Chang; Xiaodong Wang; Xingyong Jiang; Mark D Griffiths; Amir H Pakpour; Chung-Ying Lin

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.862829

Gender Differences in the Associations Between Physical Activity, Smartphone Use, and Weight Stigma

Front Public Health. 2022 Mar 29:10:862829. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.862829. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Ping Xu¹, Jung-Sheng Chen², Yen-Ling Chang³, Xiaodong Wang⁴, Xingyong Jiang⁵, Mark D Griffiths⁶, Amir H Pakpour⁷, Chung-Ying Lin^{8

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Affiliations

¹ Department of Educational Psychology, School of Leisure Sports and Management, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
² Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
³ Department of Family Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴ School of Leisure Sports and Management, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
⁵ Yangan Primary School of Qionglai City, Qionglai, China.
⁶ International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
⁷ Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
⁸ Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁹ Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
¹⁰ Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
¹¹ Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Abstract

Background: Physical activity (PA) is important for health. However, there is little evidence on how weight stigma, time spent on sedentary activities (including smartphone, social media, online learning), time spent on outdoor activity, and nomophobia associate with PA among Chinese individuals with consideration of gender. The present study examined the aforementioned associations in the COVID-19 pandemic era.

Methods: University students (N = 3,135; 1,798 females, 1,337 males) with a mean age of 19.65 years (SD = 2.38) years completed an online survey from November to December, 2021. The online survey assessed weight stigma (using the Perceived Weight Stigma Scale and Weight Bias Internalization Scale), PA (using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form), time spent on different activities (using self-designed items for time on smartphone, outdoor activity, social media, and online learning), and nomophobia (using the Nomophobia Questionnaire). Parallel mediation models were constructed (dependent variable: PA; mediators: perceived weight stigma, weight-related self-stigma, time spent on smartphone, time spent on outdoor activity, time spent on social media, and time spent online learning; independent variable: nomophobia) and evaluated using Hayes' Process Macro Model 4 (IBM SPSS 20.0).

Results: Weight-related self-stigma (β = -0.06; p = 0.03), time spent on outdoor activity (β = 0.21; p < 0.001), time spent on social media (β = 0.07; p = 0.02), time spent on online learning (β = 0.06; p = 0.03), and nomophobia (β = -0.07; p = 0.01) were all significant factors explaining the PA among female participants. Perceived weight stigma (β = -0.07; p = 0.01), time spent on outdoor activity (β = 0.27; p < 0.001), and time spent on online learning (β = 0.10; p = 0.002) were all significant factors explaining PA among male participants.

Conclusion: Chinese healthcare providers should design programs on weight stigma reduction and outdoor activity improvement to enhance PA among university students.

Keywords: gender; nomophobia; physical activity; smartphone use; weight stigma.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adult
COVID-19* / epidemiology
Exercise
Female
Humans
Male
Pandemics
Sex Factors
Smartphone
Weight Prejudice*
Young Adult