Chemical Agents Encountered in Protests

Aaron S Frey; Paul M Maniscalco; Christopher P Holstege

doi:10.1016/j.emc.2022.01.007

Chemical Agents Encountered in Protests

Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2022 May;40(2):365-379. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2022.01.007. Epub 2022 Apr 5.

Authors

Aaron S Frey¹, Paul M Maniscalco², Christopher P Holstege³

Affiliations

¹ Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800774, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0774, USA. Electronic address: AF3MV@virginia.edu.
² International Association EMS Chiefs, 47072 Stillwood Place, Potomac Falls, VA 22520, USA.
³ Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800774, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0774, USA; Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine & Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800774, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0774, USA.

PMID: 35461628
DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2022.01.007

Abstract

The most common chemicals used in riot control agents are chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, chloroacetophenone, dibenz[b,f]-[1,4]-oxazepine, and oleoresin capsicum. They cause ocular, respiratory, and dermal effects usually within seconds to minutes of exposure, but delayed effects have been reported. In addition, the canisters containing these chemicals can cause traumatic injuries when launched as projectiles. Although most effects are mild, some may be serious, especially in those with preexisting respiratory disease. Treatment consists of removing the patient from the source of exposure, removing contaminated clothes, and copiously irrigating the affected areas with water.

Keywords: CN; CR; CS; Incapacitating agent; OC; Pepper spray; Riot control agent; Tear gas.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Humans
Riot Control Agents, Chemical*

Substances

Riot Control Agents, Chemical