The Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review of the Most Used Quantitative Measurement Methods of Cognitive Reserve for Aging

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847186

. 2022 Mar 31:13:847186.

doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847186. eCollection 2022.

The Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review of the Most Used Quantitative Measurement Methods of Cognitive Reserve for Aging

Joana Nogueira^{1

2}, Bianca Gerardo^{1

2

3}, Isabel Santana^{4

5

6}, Mário R Simões^{1

2}, Sandra Freitas^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Univ Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
² Univ Coimbra, Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
³ Geobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
⁴ Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
⁵ Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.

PMID: 35465541
PMCID: PMC9023121
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847186

The Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review of the Most Used Quantitative Measurement Methods of Cognitive Reserve for Aging

Joana Nogueira et al. Front Psychol. 2022.

. 2022 Mar 31:13:847186.

doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847186. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Joana Nogueira^{1

2}, Bianca Gerardo^{1

2

3}, Isabel Santana^{4

5

6}, Mário R Simões^{1

2}, Sandra Freitas^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Univ Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
² Univ Coimbra, Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
³ Geobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
⁴ Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
⁵ Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.

PMID: 35465541
PMCID: PMC9023121
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847186

Abstract

The cognitive reserve (CR) is widely accepted as the active ability to cope with brain damage, using preexisting cognitive and compensatory processes. The common CR proxies used are the number of formal years of education, intelligence quotient (IQ) or premorbid functioning, occupation attainment, and participation in leisure activities. More recently, it has employed the level of literacy and engagement in high-level cognitive demand of professional activities. This study aims to identify and summarize published methodologies to assess the CR quantitatively. We searched for published studies on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science between September 2018 and September 2021. We only included those studies that characterized the CR assessment methodology. The search strategy identified 1,285 publications, of which 25 were included. Most of the instruments targeted proxies individually. The lack of a gold standard tool that incorporates all proxies and cognitive tests highlights the need to develop a more holistic battery for the quantitative assessment of CR. Further studies should focus on a quantitative methodology that includes all these proxies supported by normative data to improve the use of CR as a valid measure in clinical contexts.

Keywords: aging; assessment; cognitive functioning; cognitive reserve; measurement methods.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

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Flowchart of literature review.

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References

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1. Alves L., Simões M. R., Martins C. (2012). The estimation of premorbid intelligence levels among portuguese speakers: the irregular word reading test (TeLPI). Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 27 58–68. 10.1093/arclin/acr103 - DOI - PubMed
1. Amoretti S., Cabrera B., Torrent C., Bonnín C., Mezquida G., Garriga M., et al. (2019). Cognitive Reserve Assessment Scale in Health (CRASH): its validity and reliability. J. Clin. Med. 8:586. 10.3390/jcm8050586 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Artemiadis A., Bakirtzis C., Ifantopoulou P., Zis P., Bargiotas P., Grigoriadis N., et al. (2020). The role of cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study in 526 patients. Multiple Sclerosis Related Disorders 41:102047. 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102047 - DOI - PubMed
1. Belleville S., Moussard A., Ansaldo A. I., Belchior P., Bherer L., Bier N., et al. (2019). Rationale and protocol of the ENGAGE study: a double-blind randomized controlled preference trial using a comprehensive cohort design to measure the effect of a cognitive and leisure-based intervention in older adults with a memory complaint. Trials 20 1–18. 10.1186/s13063-019-3250-6 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Alattar A. A., Bergstrom J., Laughlin G. A., Kritz-Silverstein D., Richard E. L., Reas E. T., et al. (2020). Hearing impairment and cognitive decline in older, community-dwelling adults. J. Gerontol. Series A 75 567–573. 10.1093/gerona/glz035 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Alattar A. A., Bergstrom J., Laughlin G. A., Kritz-Silverstein D., Richard E. L., Reas E. T., et al. (2020). Hearing impairment and cognitive decline in older, community-dwelling adults. J. Gerontol. Series A 75 567–573. 10.1093/gerona/glz035 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Alves L., Simões M. R., Martins C. (2012). The estimation of premorbid intelligence levels among portuguese speakers: the irregular word reading test (TeLPI). Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 27 58–68. 10.1093/arclin/acr103 - DOI - PubMed

[4] Alves L., Simões M. R., Martins C. (2012). The estimation of premorbid intelligence levels among portuguese speakers: the irregular word reading test (TeLPI). Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 27 58–68. 10.1093/arclin/acr103 - DOI - PubMed

[5] Amoretti S., Cabrera B., Torrent C., Bonnín C., Mezquida G., Garriga M., et al. (2019). Cognitive Reserve Assessment Scale in Health (CRASH): its validity and reliability. J. Clin. Med. 8:586. 10.3390/jcm8050586 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Amoretti S., Cabrera B., Torrent C., Bonnín C., Mezquida G., Garriga M., et al. (2019). Cognitive Reserve Assessment Scale in Health (CRASH): its validity and reliability. J. Clin. Med. 8:586. 10.3390/jcm8050586 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Artemiadis A., Bakirtzis C., Ifantopoulou P., Zis P., Bargiotas P., Grigoriadis N., et al. (2020). The role of cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study in 526 patients. Multiple Sclerosis Related Disorders 41:102047. 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102047 - DOI - PubMed

[8] Artemiadis A., Bakirtzis C., Ifantopoulou P., Zis P., Bargiotas P., Grigoriadis N., et al. (2020). The role of cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study in 526 patients. Multiple Sclerosis Related Disorders 41:102047. 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102047 - DOI - PubMed

[9] Belleville S., Moussard A., Ansaldo A. I., Belchior P., Bherer L., Bier N., et al. (2019). Rationale and protocol of the ENGAGE study: a double-blind randomized controlled preference trial using a comprehensive cohort design to measure the effect of a cognitive and leisure-based intervention in older adults with a memory complaint. Trials 20 1–18. 10.1186/s13063-019-3250-6 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Belleville S., Moussard A., Ansaldo A. I., Belchior P., Bherer L., Bier N., et al. (2019). Rationale and protocol of the ENGAGE study: a double-blind randomized controlled preference trial using a comprehensive cohort design to measure the effect of a cognitive and leisure-based intervention in older adults with a memory complaint. Trials 20 1–18. 10.1186/s13063-019-3250-6 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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The Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review of the Most Used Quantitative Measurement Methods of Cognitive Reserve for Aging

Affiliations

The Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review of the Most Used Quantitative Measurement Methods of Cognitive Reserve for Aging

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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Abstract

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