Protein engineering using display platforms such as yeast display and phage display has allowed discovery of proteins with therapeutic and industrial applications. Antibodies and T cell receptors developed for therapeutic applications are often engineered by constructing libraries of mutations in loops of five to ten residues called complementarity determining regions that are in proximity to the antigen. In the past decade, deep mutational scanning has become a powerful tool in a protein engineer's toolbox, as it allows one to compare the impact of all 20 amino acids at each position, across the length of the protein. Thus, a single experiment can provide a sequence-activity landscape with information about hotspots or suboptimal binding sites in the original proteins. These residues or regions may be overlooked by engineering methods that are driven solely by structures or directed evolution of error-prone PCR libraries. Here, we describe experimental methods to engineer proteins by combining yeast display and deep mutational scanning mutagenesis, using T cell receptors as an example.
Keywords: Deep mutational scanning; Enrichment ratio; Heat maps; Protein engineering; Sequence-activity landscape; T cell receptors; Yeast display.
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