A comparison of anxiety levels before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Psychol Rep. 2023 Dec;126(6):2669-2689. doi: 10.1177/00332941221093250. Epub 2022 May 3.

Abstract

The COVID-19 Pandemic upended the lives of nearly everyone worldwide, and recent studies have reported higher rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health problems. Using a repeated crosssectional design, the current study compares anxiety levels from a representative sample of college students prior-to and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Additionally, differences in anxiety prior to and following U.S. approval for use of the Pfizer-BioNTtech COVID-19 vaccine were also compared. Findings indicate that state-anxiety levels did not differ significantly prior to and during the Pandemic as well as before the vaccine and during and after the vaccine (M = 43.01, 44.10, 44.77, respectively). Surprisingly, trait anxiety levels were significantly higher during the Pandemic than before (p = .003), and anxiety levels trend down after the approval of the vaccine, but not significantly (M = 45.10, 48.85, 47.58, respectively). Future research should continue to investigate and compare anxiety levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19; anxiety; college students; pandemic; state anxiety; trait anxiety; vaccine.

MeSH terms

  • Anxiety / epidemiology
  • Anxiety Disorders
  • COVID-19 Vaccines
  • COVID-19*
  • Depression / epidemiology
  • Humans
  • Pandemics

Substances

  • COVID-19 Vaccines