Experiences of racism and postpartum depression symptoms, care-seeking, and diagnosis

Abstract

Postpartum depression (PPD) is common and disproportionately affects people of color. Experiences of emotional upset due to racism (EUR) may be an important predictor of PPD outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to determine if EUR during the 12 months before delivery was associated with PPD symptomology, asking for help for depression, and depression diagnosis among postpartum people of color (PPOC). We conducted a cross-sectional secondary data analysis among PPOC from 11 states and New York City using PRAMS data, 1/1/2015-12/31/2017. We assessed symptomology using an unvalidated PHQ-2. Logistic regression was performed without and with stratification by ethnicity (non-Hispanic PPOC vs Hispanic PPOC) to estimate whether EUR during 12 months before delivery was associated with (1) PPD symptoms, (2) asking for help for depression, and (3) depression diagnosis. Models adjusted for age, educational attainment, timely prenatal care, payment method, stress during pregnancy, and pre-pregnancy depression. Seventy-four thousand nine hundred nine (11.8%) PPOC reported EUR in the 12 months before delivery. After adjustment, EUR was associated with a 10.3 percentage point (%pt; 95% CI: 6.8, 13.8), 13.6%pt (95% CI: 8.8, 18.5), and 4.1%pt (95% CI: 1.4, 8.0) higher probability of positive PPD screening among all PPOC, non-Hispanic PPOC, and Hispanic PPOC, respectively. EUR was not associated with asking for help for depression but was associated with a higher prevalence of depression diagnosis among all PPOC (4.6%pt; 95% CI: 1.0, 8.4) and non-Hispanic PPOC (6.0%pt; 95% CI: 0.8, 11.2).Experiences of EUR are associated with an increased prevalence of PPD symptoms. Additional prospective research spanning the pre-pregnancy through postpartum periods is needed to examine the dynamic relationship between racism, symptomology, help-seeking, and diagnosis of depression.

Keywords: Mental healthcare-seeking; PRAMS; Postpartum depression.