Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities

doi:10.1111/jbi.14330

. 2022 May;49(5):979-992.

doi: 10.1111/jbi.14330. Epub 2022 Mar 27.

Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities

Charles J Marsh^{1

2}, Yanina V Sica^{1

2}, Connor J Burgin³, Wendy A Dorman^{1

2}, Robert C Anderson^{1

2}, Isabel Del Toro Mijares^{1

2}, Jessica G Vigneron^{1

2}, Vijay Barve⁴, Victoria L Dombrowik^{1

2}, Michelle Duong^{1

2}, Robert Guralnick⁴, Julie A Hart^{1

2

5}, J Krish Maypole^{1

2}, Kira McCall^{1

2}, Ajay Ranipeta^{1

2}, Anna Schuerkmann^{1

2}, Michael A Torselli^{1

2}, Thomas Lacher Jr^{6

7}, Russell A Mittermeier⁷, Anthony B Rylands⁷, Wes Sechrest⁷, Don E Wilson⁸, Agustín M Abba⁹, Luis F Aguirre¹⁰, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales¹¹, Diego Astúa¹², Andrew M Baker^{13

14}, Gill Braulik¹⁵, Janet K Braun¹⁶, Jorge Brito¹⁷, Peter E Busher¹⁸, Santiago F Burneo¹⁹, M Alejandra Camacho¹⁹, Paolo Cavallini²⁰, Elisandra de Almeida Chiquito²¹, Joseph A Cook²², Tamás Cserkész²³, Gábor Csorba²³, Erika Cuéllar Soto²⁴, Valeria da Cunha Tavares^{25

26}, Tim R B Davenport²⁷, Thomas Deméré²⁸, Christiane Denys²⁹, Christopher R Dickman³⁰, Mark D B Eldridge³¹, Eduardo Fernandez-Duque³², Charles M Francis³³, Greta Frankham³¹, William L Franklin³⁴, Thales Freitas³⁵, J Anthony Friend³⁶, Elizabeth L Gadsby³⁷, Guilherme S T Garbino³⁸, Philippe Gaubert³⁹, Norberto Giannini⁴⁰, Thomas Giarla⁴¹, Jason S Gilchrist⁴², Jaime Gongora⁴³, Steven M Goodman⁴⁴, Sharon Gursky-Doyen⁴⁵, Klaus Hackländer⁴⁶, Mark S Hafner⁴⁷, Melissa Hawkins⁸, Kristofer M Helgen³¹, Steven Heritage⁴⁸, Arlo Hinckley⁴⁹, Stefan Hintsche⁵⁰, Mary Holden⁵¹, Kay E Holekamp⁵², Rodney L Honeycutt⁵³, Brent A Huffman⁵⁴, Tatyana Humle⁵⁵, Rainer Hutterer⁵⁶, Carlos Ibáñez Ulargui⁴⁹, Stephen M Jackson⁵⁷, Jan Janecka⁵⁸, Mary Janecka⁵⁹, Paula Jenkins⁶⁰, Rimvydas Juškaitis⁶¹, Javier Juste⁴⁹, Roland Kays⁶², C William Kilpatrick⁶³, Tigga Kingston⁶⁴, John L Koprowski⁶⁵, Boris Kryštufek⁶⁶, Tyrone Lavery⁶⁷, Thomas E Lee Jr⁶⁸, Yuri L R Leite⁶⁹, Roberto Leonan M Novaes⁷⁰, Burton K Lim⁷¹, Andrey Lissovsky⁷², Raquel López-Antoñanzas⁷³, Adrià López-Baucells⁷⁴, Colin D MacLeod⁷⁵, Fiona G Maisels^{76

77}, Michael A Mares¹⁶, Helene Marsh⁷⁸, Stefano Mattioli⁷⁹, Erik Meijaard⁸⁰, Ara Monadjem^{81

82}, F Blake Morton⁸³, Grace Musser⁸⁴, Tilo Nadler⁸⁵, Ryan W Norris⁸⁶, Agustina Ojeda⁸⁷, Nicté Ordóñez-Garza¹⁷, Ulyses F J Pardiñas⁸⁸, Bruce D Patterson⁴⁴, Ana Pavan⁸⁹, Michael Pennay⁹⁰, Calebe Pereira⁹¹, Joyce Prado⁹², Helder L Queiroz⁹³, Matthew Richardson⁹⁴, Erin P Riley⁹⁵, Stephen J Rossiter⁹⁶, Daniel I Rubenstein⁹⁷, Dennisse Ruelas^{98

99}, Jorge Salazar-Bravo⁶⁴, Stéphanie Schai-Braun¹⁰⁰, Cody J Schank^{101

7}, Christoph Schwitzer¹⁰², Lori K Sheeran¹⁰³, Myron Shekelle¹⁰⁴, Georgy Shenbrot¹⁰⁵, Pipat Soisook¹⁰⁶, Sergio Solari¹⁰⁷, Richard Southgate¹⁰⁸, Mariella Superina¹⁰⁹, Andrew B Taber¹¹⁰, Maurício Talebi¹¹¹, Peter Taylor¹¹², Thong Vu Dinh¹¹³, Nelson Ting¹¹⁴, Diego G Tirira¹¹⁵, Susan Tsang⁵¹, Samuel T Turvey¹¹⁶, Raul Valdez¹¹⁷, Victor Van Cakenberghe¹¹⁸, Geraldine Veron¹¹⁹, Janette Wallis¹²⁰, Rod Wells¹²¹, Danielle Whittaker¹²², Elizabeth A Williamson⁷⁷, George Wittemyer¹²³, John Woinarski¹²⁴, Dietmar Zinner¹²⁵, Nathan S Upham^{1

2

126}, Walter Jetz^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
² Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
³ Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴ Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
⁵ New York Natural Heritage Program, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Albany, New York, USA.
⁶ Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
⁷ Re:wild, Austin, Texas, USA.
⁸ National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
⁹ Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁰ Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
¹¹ Laboratorio de Arqueozoologia, INAH, Alcaldia Cuauhtemoc, CdMx, Mexico.
¹² Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
¹³ School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁴ Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁵ School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK.
¹⁶ Sam Noble Museum, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.
¹⁷ Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador.
¹⁸ College of General Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁹ Sección Mastozoología, Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
²⁰ Faunalia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
²¹ Núcleo de Pesquisa em Evolução Animal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
²² Museum of Southwestern Biology and Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
²³ Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
²⁴ Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
²⁵ Vale Technological Institute, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
²⁶ Laboratório de Mamíferos, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, CCEN/DSE, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
²⁷ Species Conservation & Science (Africa), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Arusha, Tanzania.
²⁸ Escondido, California, USA.
²⁹ Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (CNRS), Paris, France.
³⁰ Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
³¹ Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
³² Department of Anthropology and School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
³³ Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
³⁴ Deparment of Natural Resource Ecology and Environment, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
³⁵ Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
³⁶ Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Albany, Western Australia, Australia.
³⁷ Pandrillus Foundation, Portland, Oregon, USA.
³⁸ Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
³⁹ Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
⁴⁰ Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET - Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
⁴¹ Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, USA.
⁴² School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
⁴³ Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁴⁴ Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
⁴⁶ Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Wien, Austria.
⁴⁷ Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
⁴⁸ Duke Lemur Center, Museum of Natural History, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
⁴⁹ Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.
⁵⁰ Bruckmühl, Germany.
⁵¹ Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA.
⁵² Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
⁵³ Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California, USA.
⁵⁴ Whitby, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁵ Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
⁵⁶ Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
⁵⁷ Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁵⁸ Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁵⁹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁶⁰ Mammal Group, Vertebrates Division, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
⁶¹ Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania.
⁶² North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
⁶³ Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
⁶⁴ Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
⁶⁵ Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.
⁶⁶ Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁶⁷ Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
⁶⁸ Department of Biology, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas, USA.
⁶⁹ Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espiríto Santo, Brazil.
⁷⁰ Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁷¹ Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁷² Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia.
⁷³ Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISE-M, UMR 5554, UM/CNRS/IRD/EPHE), Montpellier, France.
⁷⁴ Natural Sciences Museum of Granollers, Granollers, Spain.
⁷⁵ GIS In Ecology, Glasgow, UK.
⁷⁶ Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA.
⁷⁷ Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
⁷⁸ Division of Tropical Environments and Societies, Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
⁷⁹ Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
⁸⁰ Borneo Futures, Bandar Seri Begawan, BA, Brunei Darussalam.
⁸¹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini.
⁸² Department of Zoology & Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁸³ Department of Psychology, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
⁸⁴ Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
⁸⁵ Cuc Phuong Commune, Nho Quan District, Ninh BInh, Province, Vietnam.
⁸⁶ Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Lima, Ohio, USA.
⁸⁷ Instituto Argentino de Zonas Áridas (IADIZA)-CCT Mendoza-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.
⁸⁸ Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus-CONICET), Chubut, Argentina.
⁸⁹ Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁹⁰ NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia.
⁹¹ Rua Terezina, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil.
⁹² Orlandia Avenue, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁹³ Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá - IDSM, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil.
⁹⁴ La Conception, Quebec, Canada.
⁹⁵ Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
⁹⁶ School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
⁹⁷ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
⁹⁸ Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Lima, Peru.
⁹⁹ Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS-IRD-UM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
¹⁰⁰ Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁰¹ Department of Geography and the Environment, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
¹⁰² Dublin Zoo, Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁰³ Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Anthropology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA.
¹⁰⁵ Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
¹⁰⁶ Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkhla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand.
¹⁰⁷ Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
¹⁰⁸ Kingscote, South Austalia, Australia.
¹⁰⁹ IMBECU, CCT CONICET Mendoza - UNCuyo, Parque Gral. San Martín, Mendoza, Argentina.
¹¹⁰ Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
¹¹¹ Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Natureza, Deptartamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) - Campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹¹² University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa.
¹¹³ Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
¹¹⁴ Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
¹¹⁵ Fundación Mamíferos y Conservación, Capelo, Rumiñahui, Ecuador.
¹¹⁶ Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.
¹¹⁷ Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.
¹¹⁸ Laboratory for Functional Morphology, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium.
¹¹⁹ Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France.
¹²⁰ Kasokwa-Kityedo Forest Project, Masindi, Uganda.
¹²¹ Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
¹²² BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
¹²³ Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
¹²⁴ Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia.
¹²⁵ German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.
¹²⁶ School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.

PMID: 35506011
PMCID: PMC9060555
DOI: 10.1111/jbi.14330

Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities

Charles J Marsh et al. J Biogeogr. 2022 May.

. 2022 May;49(5):979-992.

doi: 10.1111/jbi.14330. Epub 2022 Mar 27.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
² Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
³ Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴ Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
⁵ New York Natural Heritage Program, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Albany, New York, USA.
⁶ Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
⁷ Re:wild, Austin, Texas, USA.
⁸ National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
⁹ Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁰ Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
¹¹ Laboratorio de Arqueozoologia, INAH, Alcaldia Cuauhtemoc, CdMx, Mexico.
¹² Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
¹³ School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁴ Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁵ School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK.
¹⁶ Sam Noble Museum, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.
¹⁷ Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador.
¹⁸ College of General Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁹ Sección Mastozoología, Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
²⁰ Faunalia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
²¹ Núcleo de Pesquisa em Evolução Animal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
²² Museum of Southwestern Biology and Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
²³ Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
²⁴ Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
²⁵ Vale Technological Institute, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
²⁶ Laboratório de Mamíferos, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, CCEN/DSE, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
²⁷ Species Conservation & Science (Africa), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Arusha, Tanzania.
²⁸ Escondido, California, USA.
²⁹ Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (CNRS), Paris, France.
³⁰ Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
³¹ Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
³² Department of Anthropology and School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
³³ Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
³⁴ Deparment of Natural Resource Ecology and Environment, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
³⁵ Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
³⁶ Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Albany, Western Australia, Australia.
³⁷ Pandrillus Foundation, Portland, Oregon, USA.
³⁸ Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
³⁹ Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
⁴⁰ Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET - Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
⁴¹ Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, USA.
⁴² School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
⁴³ Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁴⁴ Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
⁴⁶ Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Wien, Austria.
⁴⁷ Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
⁴⁸ Duke Lemur Center, Museum of Natural History, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
⁴⁹ Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.
⁵⁰ Bruckmühl, Germany.
⁵¹ Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA.
⁵² Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
⁵³ Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California, USA.
⁵⁴ Whitby, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁵ Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
⁵⁶ Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
⁵⁷ Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁵⁸ Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁵⁹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁶⁰ Mammal Group, Vertebrates Division, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
⁶¹ Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania.
⁶² North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
⁶³ Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
⁶⁴ Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
⁶⁵ Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.
⁶⁶ Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁶⁷ Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
⁶⁸ Department of Biology, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas, USA.
⁶⁹ Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espiríto Santo, Brazil.
⁷⁰ Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁷¹ Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁷² Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia.
⁷³ Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISE-M, UMR 5554, UM/CNRS/IRD/EPHE), Montpellier, France.
⁷⁴ Natural Sciences Museum of Granollers, Granollers, Spain.
⁷⁵ GIS In Ecology, Glasgow, UK.
⁷⁶ Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA.
⁷⁷ Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
⁷⁸ Division of Tropical Environments and Societies, Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
⁷⁹ Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
⁸⁰ Borneo Futures, Bandar Seri Begawan, BA, Brunei Darussalam.
⁸¹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini.
⁸² Department of Zoology & Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁸³ Department of Psychology, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
⁸⁴ Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
⁸⁵ Cuc Phuong Commune, Nho Quan District, Ninh BInh, Province, Vietnam.
⁸⁶ Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Lima, Ohio, USA.
⁸⁷ Instituto Argentino de Zonas Áridas (IADIZA)-CCT Mendoza-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.
⁸⁸ Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus-CONICET), Chubut, Argentina.
⁸⁹ Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁹⁰ NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia.
⁹¹ Rua Terezina, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil.
⁹² Orlandia Avenue, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁹³ Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá - IDSM, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil.
⁹⁴ La Conception, Quebec, Canada.
⁹⁵ Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
⁹⁶ School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
⁹⁷ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
⁹⁸ Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Lima, Peru.
⁹⁹ Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS-IRD-UM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
¹⁰⁰ Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁰¹ Department of Geography and the Environment, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
¹⁰² Dublin Zoo, Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁰³ Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Anthropology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA.
¹⁰⁵ Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
¹⁰⁶ Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkhla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand.
¹⁰⁷ Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
¹⁰⁸ Kingscote, South Austalia, Australia.
¹⁰⁹ IMBECU, CCT CONICET Mendoza - UNCuyo, Parque Gral. San Martín, Mendoza, Argentina.
¹¹⁰ Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
¹¹¹ Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Natureza, Deptartamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) - Campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹¹² University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa.
¹¹³ Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
¹¹⁴ Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
¹¹⁵ Fundación Mamíferos y Conservación, Capelo, Rumiñahui, Ecuador.
¹¹⁶ Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.
¹¹⁷ Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.
¹¹⁸ Laboratory for Functional Morphology, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium.
¹¹⁹ Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France.
¹²⁰ Kasokwa-Kityedo Forest Project, Masindi, Uganda.
¹²¹ Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
¹²² BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
¹²³ Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
¹²⁴ Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia.
¹²⁵ German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.
¹²⁶ School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.

PMID: 35506011
PMCID: PMC9060555
DOI: 10.1111/jbi.14330

Abstract

Aim: Comprehensive, global information on species' occurrences is an essential biodiversity variable and central to a range of applications in ecology, evolution, biogeography and conservation. Expert range maps often represent a species' only available distributional information and play an increasing role in conservation assessments and macroecology. We provide global range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species harmonised to the taxonomy of the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) mobilised from two sources, the Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW) and the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (CMW).

Location: Global.

Taxon: All extant mammal species.

Methods: Range maps were digitally interpreted, georeferenced, error-checked and subsequently taxonomically aligned between the HMW (6253 species), the CMW (6431 species) and the MDD taxonomies (6362 species).

Results: Range maps can be evaluated and visualised in an online map browser at Map of Life (mol.org) and accessed for individual or batch download for non-commercial use.

Main conclusion: Expert maps of species' global distributions are limited in their spatial detail and temporal specificity, but form a useful basis for broad-scale characterizations and model-based integration with other data. We provide georeferenced range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species as shapefiles, with species-level metadata and source information packaged together in geodatabase format. Across the three taxonomic sources our maps entail, there are 1784 taxonomic name differences compared to the maps currently available on the IUCN Red List website. The expert maps provided here are harmonised to the MDD taxonomic authority and linked to a community of online tools that will enable transparent future updates and version control.

Keywords: GIS; Mammalia; biodiversity; biogeography; conservation planning; mapping; species distributions.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**FIGURE 1**
Range maps georeferenced from the *Handbook of the Mammals of the World* (HMW) for four South American species, (a) *Alouatta caraya*, (b) *Pteronura brasiliensis*, (c) *Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris* and (d) *Panthera onca*. Different maps species show different levels of precision (i.e., how roughly it approximates the edge of the species' range and how finely they demarcate different populations) and so will differ in their accuracy at different grain sizes

**FIGURE 2**
Global richness maps of terrestrial mammals generated by all species with digitisable range maps in (a) the *Handbook of the Mammals of the World* (HMW), (b) the *Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World* (CMW) and (c) the CMW harmonised to the latest taxonomy from the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD), as well as the difference in species richness between (d) the HMW minus the CMW, (e) the HMW minus the MDD and (f) the CMW minus the MDD. Detailed regions (sub‐Saharan Africa) for each map of difference are presented to the right, with main differences attributed to the inclusion (HMW, CMW) or exclusion (MDD) of ungulate species from Groves and Grubb (2011). Richness maps were generated by intersecting each species' range map with a global equal‐area grid with cell widths of 0.5° and cell height variable by latitude in the Behrmann cylindrical equal‐area projection

**FIGURE 3**
Comparisons with expert maps contributed to IUCN assessment. (a and c) Richness patterns and absolute differences with the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) calculated as MDD minus IUCN (for details see Figure 2). (b and d) Map differences for the antelope *Kobus kob* in West and Central Africa. In the IUCN source (b), it is treated as a single species and includes information on the type of distribution and seasonality, but it is separated into four species in the *Handbook of the Mammals of the World* (HMW) and the *Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World* (CMW) (d)

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References

1. Biancolini, D. , Vascellari, V. , Melone, B. , Blackburn, T. M. , Cassey, P. , Scrivens, S. L. , & Rondinini, C. (2021). DAMA: The global distribution of alien mammals database. Ecology, e03474. 10.1002/ecy.3474 - DOI - PubMed
1. Brooks, T. M. , Pimm, S. L. , Akçakaya, H. R. , Buchanan, G. M. , Butchart, S. H. M. , Foden, W. , Hilton‐Taylor, C. , Hoffmann, M. , Jenkins, C. N. , Joppa, L. , Li, B. V. , Menon, V. , Ocampo‐Peñuela, N. , & Rondinini, C. (2019). Measuring terrestrial area of habitat (AOH) and its utility for the IUCN red list. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34(11), 977–986. 10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.009 - DOI - PubMed
1. Burgin, C. J. , Colella, J. P. , Kahn, P. L. , & Upham, N. S. (2018). How many species of mammals are there? Journal of Mammalogy, 99(1), 1–14. 10.1093/jmammal/gyx147 - DOI
1. Burgin, C. J. , Wilson, D. E. , Mittermeier, R. A. , Rylands, A. B. , Lacher, T. E., Jr. , & Sechrest, W. (2020a). Illustrated checklist of the mammals of the world: Vol. 2: Eulipotyphla to Carnivora. Lynx Edicions.
1. Burgin, C. J. , Wilson, D. E. , Mittermeier, R. A. , Rylands, A. B. , Lacher, T. E., Jr. , & Sechrest, W. (2020b). Illustrated checklist of the mammals of the world: Vol. 1: Monotremata to Rodentia. Lynx Edicions.

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[1] Biancolini, D. , Vascellari, V. , Melone, B. , Blackburn, T. M. , Cassey, P. , Scrivens, S. L. , & Rondinini, C. (2021). DAMA: The global distribution of alien mammals database. Ecology, e03474. 10.1002/ecy.3474 - DOI - PubMed

[2] Biancolini, D. , Vascellari, V. , Melone, B. , Blackburn, T. M. , Cassey, P. , Scrivens, S. L. , & Rondinini, C. (2021). DAMA: The global distribution of alien mammals database. Ecology, e03474. 10.1002/ecy.3474 - DOI - PubMed

[3] Brooks, T. M. , Pimm, S. L. , Akçakaya, H. R. , Buchanan, G. M. , Butchart, S. H. M. , Foden, W. , Hilton‐Taylor, C. , Hoffmann, M. , Jenkins, C. N. , Joppa, L. , Li, B. V. , Menon, V. , Ocampo‐Peñuela, N. , & Rondinini, C. (2019). Measuring terrestrial area of habitat (AOH) and its utility for the IUCN red list. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34(11), 977–986. 10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.009 - DOI - PubMed

[4] Brooks, T. M. , Pimm, S. L. , Akçakaya, H. R. , Buchanan, G. M. , Butchart, S. H. M. , Foden, W. , Hilton‐Taylor, C. , Hoffmann, M. , Jenkins, C. N. , Joppa, L. , Li, B. V. , Menon, V. , Ocampo‐Peñuela, N. , & Rondinini, C. (2019). Measuring terrestrial area of habitat (AOH) and its utility for the IUCN red list. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34(11), 977–986. 10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.009 - DOI - PubMed

[5] Burgin, C. J. , Colella, J. P. , Kahn, P. L. , & Upham, N. S. (2018). How many species of mammals are there? Journal of Mammalogy, 99(1), 1–14. 10.1093/jmammal/gyx147 - DOI

[6] Burgin, C. J. , Colella, J. P. , Kahn, P. L. , & Upham, N. S. (2018). How many species of mammals are there? Journal of Mammalogy, 99(1), 1–14. 10.1093/jmammal/gyx147 - DOI

[7] Burgin, C. J. , Wilson, D. E. , Mittermeier, R. A. , Rylands, A. B. , Lacher, T. E., Jr. , & Sechrest, W. (2020a). Illustrated checklist of the mammals of the world: Vol. 2: Eulipotyphla to Carnivora. Lynx Edicions.

[8] Burgin, C. J. , Wilson, D. E. , Mittermeier, R. A. , Rylands, A. B. , Lacher, T. E., Jr. , & Sechrest, W. (2020a). Illustrated checklist of the mammals of the world: Vol. 2: Eulipotyphla to Carnivora. Lynx Edicions.

[9] Burgin, C. J. , Wilson, D. E. , Mittermeier, R. A. , Rylands, A. B. , Lacher, T. E., Jr. , & Sechrest, W. (2020b). Illustrated checklist of the mammals of the world: Vol. 1: Monotremata to Rodentia. Lynx Edicions.

[10] Burgin, C. J. , Wilson, D. E. , Mittermeier, R. A. , Rylands, A. B. , Lacher, T. E., Jr. , & Sechrest, W. (2020b). Illustrated checklist of the mammals of the world: Vol. 1: Monotremata to Rodentia. Lynx Edicions.

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Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities

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Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities

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Conflict of interest statement

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