Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a remarkably contagious and pathogenic viral infection arising from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first appeared in Wuhan, China. For the time being, COVID-19 is not treated with a specific therapy. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Remdesivir as the first drug to treat COVID-19. However, many other therapeutic approaches are being investigated as possible treatments for COVID-19. As part of this review, we discussed the development of various drugs, their mechanism of action, and how they might be applied to different cases of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, this review highlights an update in the emergence of new prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against COVID-19. In addition to FDA or The World Health Organization (WHO) approved vaccines, we intended to incorporate the latest published data from phase III trials about different COVID-19 vaccines and provide clinical data released on the networks or peer-review journals.
Keywords: ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Antiviral agents; Arb, Arbidol; COVID-19; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; ER, Endoplasmic reticulum; ERGIC, Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; MERS-CoV, The Middle East respiratory syndrome 20 coronavirus; ORFs, Open reading frames; Pandemics; Pneumonia; RBD, Receptor binding domain; RTC, Replicase transcriptase complex; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2; VLPs, Virus-like particles; Vaccines; WHO, World Health Organization; WMT, Washed microbiota transplantation; gRNA, Genomic RNA; mAbs, Monoclonal antibodies; sgRNA, Subgenomic RNA.
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