Depression symptoms 6 years after stroke are associated with higher perceived impact of stroke, limitations in ADL and restricted participation

Abstract

Late post-stroke depression symptoms are understudied. This study aimed to investigate depression symptoms 6 years after stroke, and associations with perceived impact of stroke, activities of daily living (ADL), and participation in social and everyday activities. Data was collected in a 6-year follow-up in a longitudinal study of stroke. Assessments included Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for depression symptoms, Stroke Impact Scale 3.0. for perceived impact of stroke, Barthel Index for ADL, Frenchay Activities Index for participation in social and everyday activities. The research questions were addressed by bivariate analyses (with HADS-D ≥ 4 as cut-off), and hierarchical multiple regression analyses using continuous HADS-D scores. Forty percent of the 105 participants (57% men, age 30-91) showed depression symptoms (HADS-D ≥ 4). Depression symptoms were associated with higher perceived impact of stroke, more dependence in ADL, and more restrictions in participation in social and everyday activities. Most of those with depression symptoms had low scores on HADS, indicating that even mild depression symptoms might be relevant to identify and target in treatment and rehabilitation of long-term consequences of stroke.