1 Nuffield Department of Anaesthesia, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
2 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
3 Institute for Healthcare Delivery Science, Department of Population Health Science & Policy/Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
4 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
5 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
6 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: MemtsoudisS@HSS.EDU.