Sleep Quality, Insomnia, Anxiety, Fatigue, Stress, Memory and Active Coping during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Jaber S Alqahtani; Saad M AlRabeeah; Abdulelah M Aldhahir; Rayan Siraj; Yousef S Aldabayan; Saeed M Alghamdi; Abdullah S Alqahtani; Sulaiman S Alsaif; Abdallah Y Naser; Hassan Alwafi

doi:10.3390/ijerph19094940

Sleep Quality, Insomnia, Anxiety, Fatigue, Stress, Memory and Active Coping during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 19;19(9):4940. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19094940.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam 34313, Saudi Arabia.
² Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Respiratory Care, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK.
⁵ Respiratory Care Program, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Rehabilitation Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan.
⁸ Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca 21514, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

Background: The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on sleep quality, insomnia, anxiety, stress, fatigue and active coping in the United States. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a publicly available database taken from the Boston College COVID-19 Sleep and Well-Being Dataset. We have selected the most recent data that included information about sleep quality and other measures, including insomnia, anxiety, stress, fatigue and coping, collected between 22 February−8 March 2021. Results: A total of 476 subjects were included in the analysis. The mean (SD) age of the study population was 38.8 (17.8) years, and there were more females (85%) than males. The population had a mean (SD) score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) of 6 (3.2), with 65% having the prevalence of poor sleep quality (defined as PSQ ≥ 5; n = 311). The mean (SD) score for Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was 6.9 (5.2), with 55 subjects (11.5%) having clinical insomnia (defined as ISI ≥ 15); of whom 9% had severe clinical insomnia. There were positive correlations between PSQI and ISI (r = 0.76, p < 0.001), PROMIS fatigue scale (r = 0.53, p < 0.001), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (r = 0.44, p < 0.001). The PSQI was inversely correlated with the John Henryism Active Coping Scale (JHACS) and memory scale. In the multivariate regression model, JHACS, ISI, fatigue, PSS and GAD-7 were significant predictors of PSQI, and these variables accounted for 62% of the variance of PSQI, adjusted for age and gender. Conclusion: An important contribution to the literature is made by this research, which demonstrates the significant prevalence of poor sleep quality and its association with insomnia and other mental and physical well-being. It also underlines the need to prioritise policy and public health efforts to address sleep issues that have substantial health and economic effects for both individuals and the population at large.

Keywords: COVID; fatigue; insomnia; sleep quality.

MeSH terms

Adaptation, Psychological
Adult
Anxiety / epidemiology
Anxiety Disorders / epidemiology
COVID-19* / epidemiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Fatigue / epidemiology
Female
Humans
Male
Pandemics
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders* / epidemiology
Sleep Quality