Associations Between Adult Triceps Skinfold Thickness and All-Cause, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Mortality in NHANES 1999-2010: A Retrospective National Study

Weiya Li; Han Yin; Yilin Chen; Quanjun Liu; Yu Wang; Di Qiu; Huan Ma; Qingshan Geng

doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.858994

Associations Between Adult Triceps Skinfold Thickness and All-Cause, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Mortality in NHANES 1999-2010: A Retrospective National Study

Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 May 10:9:858994. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.858994. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Weiya Li¹, Han Yin¹, Yilin Chen², Quanjun Liu², Yu Wang¹, Di Qiu³, Huan Ma¹, Qingshan Geng^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
² School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
³ Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Abstract

Background: The association between triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness and mortality in previous studies was controversial. This study aimed to explore how TSF thickness affects all-cause, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular mortality among the United States (U.S.) general population.

Methods: Our research included 25,954 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2010. Participants were categorized by the baseline TSF quartiles [quartile 1 (Q1): < 11.8, (Q2): 11.8-17.4, (Q3): 17.4-25, and (Q4): ≥25; unit: millimeter (mm)]. Cox regression models were used to assess the association of TSF with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular mortality. The association between mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and mortality was also explored. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess heterogeneity in different subgroups.

Results: The highest TSF group (Q4) had the lowest risk to experience all-cause (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.38-0.59; P < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.23-0.54; P < 0.001) than the lowest TSF group (Q1) after multivariate adjustment. However, there was no relationship between TSF quartiles and cerebrovascular mortality (HR, 0.98; 95%CI, 0.42-2.30; P = 0.97). The protective effects of TSF thickness on mortality still existed after adjusting for BMI and MAMC. For every 1 mm increase in TSF thickness, the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death decreased by 4% (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.95-0.97; P < 0.001) and 6% (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.93-0.96; P < 0.001), respectively. In the stratified analysis, the relationships between TSF and mortality risk were generally similar across all subgroups.

Conclusions: Higher TSF thickness was associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, independent of BMI and MAMC. Our study revealed that the TSF thickness may be a convenient and credible indicator to predict mortality, especially in those with severe cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords: NHANES; all-cause mortality; cardiovascular mortality; cerebrovascular disease; triceps skinfold.