Utility of Direct Immunofluorescence Using Buccal Mucosal Biopsies in Those with Suspected Isolated Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid

Abstract

Purpose: To determine the rate of positivity of immunofluorescence studies in buccal biopsies in patients with cicatrizing conjunctivitis undergoing workup for ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP)/ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP).

Design: Retrospective cohort review.

Participants: Forty-one patients with cicatrizing conjunctivitis undergoing workup for OCP.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies in buccal mucosal biopsies was performed.

Main outcome measures: The primary outcome measure was the rate of positivity of direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies on buccal mucosal biopsies.

Results: Twenty-two patients (54%) had a positive buccal mucosal biopsy; 64% of patients (14/22) demonstrated +DIF on initial biopsy and an additional 36% of patients (8/22) on the second biopsy. Eighteen patients underwent conjunctival biopsy. In the 6 patients with a negative conjunctival biopsy, 4 (67%) had a positive buccal biopsy.

Conclusions: Buccal mucosal immunofluorescence studies may be positive in patients with OCP even in the absence of extraocular disease. Buccal mucosal biopsy may be considered as an alternative to or attempted before conjunctival biopsy for the diagnosis of OCP, particularly in patients in whom conjunctival biopsy may be difficult or imminently visually threatening.

Keywords: Biopsy; Buccal; Cicatrizing conjunctivitis; Conjunctiva; Direct immunofluorescence; Ocular; Pemphigoid.