Sex-Based Differences in Risk Factors and Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease

Melanie L R Wyld; Nicole L De La Mata; Andrea Viecelli; Ramyasuda Swaminathan; Kim M O'Sullivan; Emma O'Lone; Matthew Rowlandson; Anna Francis; Kate Wyburn; Angela C Webster

doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2022.04.006

Sex-Based Differences in Risk Factors and Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease

Semin Nephrol. 2022 Mar;42(2):153-169. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2022.04.006.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Renal and Transplant Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: melanie.wyld@sydney.edu.au.
² School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
³ Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
⁴ Department of Nephrology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
⁵ Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
⁶ Department of Renal Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
⁷ Department of Renal and Transplant Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
⁸ Child and Adolescent Renal Service, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
⁹ Department of Renal Medicine,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
¹⁰ School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Renal and Transplant Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

PMID: 35718363
DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2022.04.006

Abstract

Globally, females are ∼30% more likely to have pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) than males for reasons that are not fully understood. CKD is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes which makes understanding and working to eradicating sex based disparities in CKD prevalence essential. This review maps both what is known, and what is unknown, about the way sex and gender impacts (1) the epidemiology and risk factors for CKD including age, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, and cerebrovascular disease, and (2) the complications from CKD including kidney disease progression, cardiovascular disease, CKD mineral and bone disorders, anaemia, quality-of-life, cancer and mortality. This mapping can be used to guide future research.

Keywords: chronic kidney disease; disparities; gender; sex.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Female
Humans
Male
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic* / complications
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic* / epidemiology
Risk Factors
Sex Distribution