The origin of RNA interference: Adaptive or neutral evolution?

PLoS Biol. 2022 Jun 29;20(6):e3001715. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001715. eCollection 2022 Jun.

Abstract

The origin of RNA interference (RNAi) is usually explained by a defense-based hypothesis, in which RNAi evolved as a defense against transposable elements (TEs) and RNA viruses and was already present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). However, since RNA antisense regulation and double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are ancient and widespread phenomena, the origin of defensive RNAi should have occurred in parallel with its regulative functions to avoid imbalances in gene regulation. Thus, we propose a neutral evolutionary hypothesis for the origin of RNAi in which qualitative system drift from a prokaryotic antisense RNA gene regulation mechanism leads to the formation of RNAi through constructive neutral evolution (CNE). We argue that RNAi was already present in the ancestor of LECA before the need for a new defense system arose and that its presence helped to shape eukaryotic genomic architecture and stability.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • DNA Transposable Elements / genetics
  • Eukaryota* / genetics
  • Genetic Drift
  • RNA Interference
  • RNA, Double-Stranded* / genetics
  • RNA, Small Interfering / genetics

Substances

  • DNA Transposable Elements
  • RNA, Double-Stranded
  • RNA, Small Interfering

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the European Research Council (FP7/2013-2019 ERC CoG 615220) and the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenir program, Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) to M.-C.S. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.