No Difference in Growth Outcomes up to 24 Months of Age by Duration of Exposure to Maternal Antiretroviral Therapy Among Children Who Are HIV-Exposed and Uninfected in Malawi

Gabriela Toledo; Megan Landes; Monique van Lettow; Beth A Tippett Barr; Heather Bailey; Claire Thorne; Siobhan Crichton

doi:10.3389/fped.2022.882468

No Difference in Growth Outcomes up to 24 Months of Age by Duration of Exposure to Maternal Antiretroviral Therapy Among Children Who Are HIV-Exposed and Uninfected in Malawi

Front Pediatr. 2022 Jun 20:10:882468. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.882468. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Gabriela Toledo¹, Megan Landes^{2

3}, Monique van Lettow³, Beth A Tippett Barr⁴, Heather Bailey⁵, Claire Thorne¹, Siobhan Crichton⁶

Affiliations

¹ Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
² Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
³ Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁴ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya.
⁵ Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁶ Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Background: With the implementation of lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment and prevention, the proportion of children exposed to ART in utero from conception is increasing. We estimated the effect of timing of ART exposure on growth of children HIV-exposed and uninfected (CHEU) up to Up to 24 months of age in Malawi.

Methods: Data were collected from a prospective cohort of infants HIV-exposed aged 1-6 months (enrollment) and their mothers with HIV enrolled in the National Evaluation of Malawi's Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Programme (2014-2018). Anthropometry was measured at enrollment, visit 1 (approximately 12 months), and visit 2 (approximately 24 months). Weight-for-age (WAZ) and length-for-age (LAZ) were calculated using the WHO Growth Standards. Multivariable mixed-effects models with linear splines for age were used to examine differences in growth by timing of ART exposure (from conception, first/second trimester, or third trimester/postpartum). Models were adjusted for confounders selected a priori guided by a conceptual framework. Hypothesized interactions and potential mediators were explored, and interactions with splines were included in final models if P < 0.1.

Results: A total of 1,206 singleton CHEU and their mothers were enrolled and 563 completed the follow-up through 24 months of age. Moreover, 48% of CHEU were exposed to ART from conception, 40% from first/second trimester, and 12% from third trimester/postpartum. At enrollment, 12% of infants had low birthweight (LBW), 98% had been breastfed in past 7 days, and 57% were enrolled in an HIV care clinic. CHEU growth trajectories demonstrated cohort-wide growth faltering after the age of 12 months. Of 788 and 780 CHEU contributing to WAZ and LAZ multivariable models, respectively, there was no evidence of differences in mean WAZ or LAZ among those exposed from conception or first/second trimester vs. third trimester/postpartum and no evidence of a difference in WAZ or LAZ rate of change by timing of ART exposure (all interactions P > 1.0).

Conclusion: Reassuringly, ART exposure from conception was not associated with decreased WAZ or LAZ in CHEU Up 24 months of age. Overall growth trajectories suggest CHEU experience growth faltering after 12 months of age and may need support through and beyond the first 2 years of life.

Keywords: CHEU; HIV; antiretroviral therapy; children HIV-exposed and uninfected; growth; growth faltering.