Self-construal and behavioral motivation systems among patients with depression in Indonesia: A hospital-based study

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09839

. 2022 Jul 1;8(7):e09839.

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09839. eCollection 2022 Jul.

Self-construal and behavioral motivation systems among patients with depression in Indonesia: A hospital-based study

Triana Istiqlal¹, Andi Agus Mumang², Kristian Liaury³, Yukiko Uchida⁴, Masahiro Kihara⁵, Andi Jayalangkara Tanra^{3

6}, Takafumi Ishida^{1

7}, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa⁸, Irawan Yusuf⁹, Takuro Furusawa^{1

5

7}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Ecology and Environment, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
² Research, Community Service and International Journal Unit, Public Health Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
³ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⁴ KOKORO Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁵ Interdisciplinary Unit for Global Health, Centre for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁶ Research Unit of Neurobehavior and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⁷ Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁸ Department of Hygiene and Public Health, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

PMID: 35815150
PMCID: PMC9260621
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09839

Self-construal and behavioral motivation systems among patients with depression in Indonesia: A hospital-based study

Triana Istiqlal et al. Heliyon. 2022.

. 2022 Jul 1;8(7):e09839.

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09839. eCollection 2022 Jul.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Ecology and Environment, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
² Research, Community Service and International Journal Unit, Public Health Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
³ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⁴ KOKORO Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁵ Interdisciplinary Unit for Global Health, Centre for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁶ Research Unit of Neurobehavior and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⁷ Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁸ Department of Hygiene and Public Health, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

PMID: 35815150
PMCID: PMC9260621
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09839

Abstract

Objective: To validate Indonesian versions of two social/cultural psychological scales: the Self-Construal Scale (SCS) that measures independent and interdependent cultural values, and the Behavioral Inhibition (Avoidance) System and Behavioral Approach System (BIS/BAS) that measures motivation focus. We also explored the cultural background for the rising prevalence of depression in Indonesia.

Design: Case (hospital)-control (population) study.

Setting: Hasanuddin University Hospital (cases) and Makassar city region (controls), Indonesia.

Participants: Participants (N = 369) were 165 patients with depression recruited from a university hospital, and 204 healthy controls without a history of mental disorders recruited from locations within a 30-minute walk from the hospital.

Outcome measures: Depression was diagnosed by psychiatrists with reference to Indonesian mental disorder guidelines (Pedoman Penggolongan dan Diagnosa Gangguan Jiwa edisi 3). Participants' independent and interdependent cultural values, and neural motivational systems were measured with the SCS and BIS/BAS.

Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that our revised 12-item SCS and the 13-item, three-factor BIS/BAS had a good model fit for the Indonesian population. MANCOVA showed that the SCS Independent subscale and the BAS subscales were significantly associated with depression after adjustment for age, sex, religion, education, and occupation.

Conclusion: These findings may guide provision of appropriate treatment for patients based on their social and cultural environment. In addition, this study contributes to understanding underlying reasons for the increasing prevalence of depression in Indonesia, where society is changing from traditional collectivism to global individualism.

Keywords: BIS/BAS; Depression; Mental health; Self-construal.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Distribution of Self-Construal Scale items on two factors.

**Figure 2**
Distribution of Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System items on two main factors.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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[1] World Health Organization . World Health Organization; 2017. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates.

[2] World Health Organization . World Health Organization; 2017. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates.

[3] Astutik E., Hidajah A., Tama T., et al. Prevalence and determinants of depressive symptoms among adults in Indonesia: a cross-sectional population-based national survey. Nurs. Forum. 2021;56(1):37–44. - PubMed

[4] Astutik E., Hidajah A., Tama T., et al. Prevalence and determinants of depressive symptoms among adults in Indonesia: a cross-sectional population-based national survey. Nurs. Forum. 2021;56(1):37–44. - PubMed

[5] Tampubolon G., Hanandita W. Poverty and mental health in Indonesia. Soc. Sci. Med. 2014;106:20–27. - PubMed

[6] Tampubolon G., Hanandita W. Poverty and mental health in Indonesia. Soc. Sci. Med. 2014;106:20–27. - PubMed

[7] Chiao J., Blizinsky K. Culture–gene coevolution of individualism–collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2010;277(1681):529–537. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Chiao J., Blizinsky K. Culture–gene coevolution of individualism–collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2010;277(1681):529–537. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Cho S.-E., Na K.-S., Cho S.-J., Im J.-S., Kang S.-G. Geographical and temporal variations in the prevalence of mental disorders in suicide: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 2016;190:705–713. - PubMed

[10] Cho S.-E., Na K.-S., Cho S.-J., Im J.-S., Kang S.-G. Geographical and temporal variations in the prevalence of mental disorders in suicide: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 2016;190:705–713. - PubMed

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Self-construal and behavioral motivation systems among patients with depression in Indonesia: A hospital-based study

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Self-construal and behavioral motivation systems among patients with depression in Indonesia: A hospital-based study

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