Premenstrual and menstrual changes reported after COVID-19 vaccination: The EVA project

Womens Health (Lond). 2022 Jan-Dec:18:17455057221112237. doi: 10.1177/17455057221112237.

Abstract

Background: Menstrual disorders were not reported as a possible secondary effect in any of the clinical trials for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

Aim: To describe the prevalence of perceived premenstrual and menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccine administration.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: A total of 14,153 women (mean age 31.5 ± 9.3 years old) who had received the full course of vaccination at least three months earlier were included in this cross-sectional study. Data including the type of vaccine administered, perceived changes in the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding, presence of clots, cycle length, and premenstrual symptoms were collected through a retrospective online survey from June to September 2021.

Results: Of the women who participated in this study, 3136 reported no menstrual changes and 11,017 (78% of the study sample) reported experiencing menstrual cycle changes after vaccination. In summary, women who reported menstrual changes after vaccination were older (overall p < 0.001) and slightly more smokers (p = 0.05) than women who did not report any changes. The most prevalent changes in relation to premenstrual symptoms were increased fatigue (43%), abdominal bloating (37%), irritability (29%), sadness (28%), and headaches (28%). The most predominant menstrual changes were more menstrual bleeding (43%), more menstrual pain (41%), delayed menstruation (38%), fewer days of menstrual bleeding (34.5%), and shorter cycle length (32%).

Conclusion: Women vaccinated against COVID-19 usually perceive mild menstrual and premenstrual changes. Future studies are warranted to clarify the physiological mechanisms behind these widely reported changes.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; fatigue; immunization; menstrual bleeding; menstrual cycle; pain.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • COVID-19 Vaccines* / adverse effects
  • COVID-19* / epidemiology
  • COVID-19* / prevention & control
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Menstrual Cycle / physiology
  • Menstruation
  • Menstruation Disturbances* / etiology
  • Premenstrual Syndrome* / diagnosis
  • Premenstrual Syndrome* / drug therapy
  • Premenstrual Syndrome* / epidemiology
  • Retrospective Studies
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • Vaccination
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • COVID-19 Vaccines