Channels and Features Identification: A Review and a Machine-Learning Based Model With Large Scale Feature Extraction for Emotions and ASD Classification

Abdul Rehman Aslam; Nauman Hafeez; Hadi Heidari; Muhammad Awais Bin Altaf

doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.844851

Channels and Features Identification: A Review and a Machine-Learning Based Model With Large Scale Feature Extraction for Emotions and ASD Classification

Front Neurosci. 2022 Jul 22:16:844851. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.844851. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Abdul Rehman Aslam^{1

2

3}, Nauman Hafeez⁴, Hadi Heidari², Muhammad Awais Bin Altaf¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Electrical Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
² James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
³ Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology-Taxila, Taxila, Pakistan.
⁴ Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social and cognitive skills, emotional disorders, anxiety, and depression. The prolonged conventional ASD diagnosis raises the sheer need for early meaningful intervention. Recently different works have proposed potential for ASD diagnosis and intervention through emotions prediction using deep neural networks (DNN) and machine learning algorithms. However, these systems lack an extensive large-scale feature extraction (LSFE) analysis through multiple benchmark data sets. LSFE analysis is required to identify and utilize the most relevant features and channels for emotion recognition and ASD prediction. Considering these challenges, for the first time, we have analyzed and evaluated an extensive feature set to select the optimal features using LSFE and feature selection algorithms (FSA). A set of up to eight most suitable channels was identified using different best-case FSA. The subject-wise importance of channels and features is also identified. The proposed method provides the best-case accuracies, precision, and recall of 95, 92, and 90%, respectively, for emotions prediction using a linear support vector machine (LSVM) classifier. It also provides the best-case accuracy, precision, and recall of 100% for ASD classification. This work utilized the largest number of benchmark data sets (5) and subjects (99) for validation reported till now in the literature. The LSVM classification algorithm proposed and utilized in this work has significantly lower complexity than the DNN, convolutional neural network (CNN), Naïve Bayes, and dynamic graph CNN used in recent ASD and emotion prediction systems.

Keywords: Autism; classification processor; deep neural network (DNN); electroencephalogram (EEG); emotion detection; large scale feature extraction; neurological disorder.