We introduce a new method to generate an amplified signal in CRISPR-Cas-based detection. Target recognition activates a CRISPR-Cas complex, leading to catalytic cleavage of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled oligonucleotides from the surface of microbeads. We show that the HRP released into solution can be monitored through colorimetric, fluorometric, or luminescent approaches, yielding up to ∼75-fold turn-on signal and limits of detection (LODs) as low as ∼10 fM. Compared to Cas-based detection with a conventional fluorophore/quencher reporter, this strategy improves the LOD by ∼30-fold. As a proof-of-concept, we show the rapid (<1 h), PCR-free, and room temperature (25 °C) detection of a nucleic acid marker for the SARS-CoV-2 virus with the naked eye at clinically relevant concentrations. We further show that the probe set can be programmed to be recognized and activated in the presence of non-nucleic acid targets. Specifically, we show adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding to an aptamer can activate CRISPR-Cas and trigger a colorimetric readout, enabling the analysis of ATP in human serum samples with sensitivity on par with that of several commercially available kits. Taken together, the strategy reported herein offers a simple and sensitive platform to detect analytes where target amplification is either inconvenient (e.g., PCR under point-of-care settings) or impossible.