Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of pancreatic lesions in children. Methods: The clinicopathological data of pancreatic lesions in children were analyzed including 42 cases of pancreatic tumors diagnosed from January 2000 to May 2021 in Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China. Histological and immunohistochemical assessments were performed. Related literature was reviewed. Results: The 42 pediatric patients with pancreatic lesions aged 1 day to 12 years (mean, 4.25 years). There were 23 males and 19 females. Clinical presentations included abdominal masses, abdominal pain, vomiting and persistent hypoglycemia after birth. Ultrasound and computerized tomography examination showed space-occupying pancreatic lesions in 31 cases, but no detectable pancreatic lesions in 11 cases. Histologically, among the 42 cases, 22 cases (52.4%) were neoplastic, including 18 cases of epithelial origin. Nine cases of pancreatoblastoma showed that the epithelial tumor cells were arranged in a trabecular pattern, with squamous nests. Six cases of solid-pseudopapillary tumors revealed hemorrhagic and necrotic cysts and monomorphic epithelioid cells arranged in solid sheets, nests or pseudopapillae. Two cases of neuroendocrine tumors showed tumor cells arranged in cords or nests; one case had a mitotic count of about 3/10 high power field, and a Ki-67 index of about 5%, which was consistent with G2 neuroendocrine tumor; the other case showed tumor cells with cytological atypia, brisk mitoses, about 25/10 HPF and a Ki-67 index of about 80%, consistent with small-cell type neuroendocrine carcinoma. The case of acinar cell carcinoma showed high cellularity, tumor cells in solid, cord-like or acinar-like arrangement with little stroma, and monotonous tumor cells with single distinct nucleolus. There were 4 cases of mesenchymal tumors, including 3 cases of Kaposi's hemangioendothelioma and 1 case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Among the 20 cases (47.6%) of non-neoplastic lesions, there were 11 cases of hyperinsulinism with ATP-sensitive potassium channel abnormality (HAPCA). Severn cases of diffuse type HAPCA in which the islets scattered between the pancreatic acinar tissue, enlarged, and prominent nuclei. Three cases of focal type HAPCA showed pancreatic islet hyperplasia in the form of nested nodules (0.6-1.5 cm). One case of atypical type HAPCA had extensive islet hyperplasia in pancreatic tissue, and scattered proliferation of nest-like nodules was noted. There were also 7 cases of pseudocyst and 2 cases of congenital cyst. Immunohistochemically, pancreatoblastomas were diffusely positive for CKpan, CK8/18, and β-catenin (nuclear staining of squamous nests only). Solid-pseudopapillary tumors expressed CD10, cyclin D1, CD99, vimentin, CD56, and β-catenin (nuclear staining). Neuroendocrine tumors were positive for CK, Syn, NSE, CgA, CD56, and β-catenin (membranous staining). The acinar cell carcinoma was positive for CK8/18, trypsin, and β-catenin (membranous staining). Conclusions: Pancreatic lesions in children have a wide range of histopathological types. HAPCA is the most common lesion of newborns. Pediatric pancreatic tumors are rare and mostly malignant. It is important to recognize them and make correct pathological diagnoses.
目的： 探讨儿童胰腺病变的临床病理学特征。 方法： 收集广州市妇女儿童医疗中心2000年1月至2021年5月42例胰腺病变患者的临床病理资料，行HE和免疫组织化学染色，并进行相关文献复习。 结果： 42例儿童胰腺病变患者年龄1 d至12岁，平均年龄4.25岁。男性23例，女性19例。临床主要表现为腹部肿块、腹痛、呕吐、持续性低血糖等。B超及CT检查示胰腺占位性病变31例，未见明显病变11例。病理学检查，42例儿童胰腺病变中肿瘤性病变22例（52.4%），上皮来源18例，9例胰母细胞瘤见上皮性肿瘤细胞呈粗梁状排列，其中见多少不等的鳞状小体。6例实性-假乳头状瘤镜下见出血坏死性囊腔以及单一形态的上皮样细胞，呈实性片状、巢状或假乳头排列。2例神经内分泌肿瘤见肿瘤细胞条索状或巢团状分布，1例核分裂象约3/10 HPF，Ki-67阳性指数约5%，符合神经内分泌肿瘤，G2；1例肿瘤细胞异型性明显，核分裂象活跃，约25/10 HPF，Ki-67阳性指数约80%，符合神经内分泌癌，小细胞型。1例腺泡细胞癌见瘤细胞丰富，呈实性、条索状或腺泡样排列，间质少，瘤细胞形态一致，可见单个明显核仁。间叶源性肿瘤4例，其中卡波西血管内皮瘤3例，炎性肌纤维母细胞肿瘤1例。非肿瘤性病变20例（47.6%），ATP敏感性钾通道型高胰岛素血症11例，其中弥漫型7例，镜下胰腺腺泡之间胰岛散在分布，部分体积增大，并可见异常大胰岛细胞核；局灶型3例，镜下胰腺组织局灶可见胰岛明显增生，呈团巢状结节（0.6~1.5 cm）；不典型型1例，胰腺组织内广泛胰岛增生，并可见增生的团巢样结节散在分布。另见假性囊肿7例，先天性囊肿2例。免疫组织化学染色示胰母细胞瘤弥漫表达广谱细胞角蛋白（CKpan）及细胞角蛋白（CK）8/18，β-catenin在鳞状小体胞核呈阳性，其余成分胞膜阳性。实性-假乳头状瘤表达CD10、cyclin D1、CD99、波形蛋白、CD56，β-catenin胞核阳性。神经内分泌肿瘤CKpan、突触素、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、嗜铬粒素A（CgA）、CD56阳性，β-catenin胞膜阳性。腺泡细胞癌CK8/18及胰蛋白酶阳性，β-catenin胞膜阳性表达。 结论： 儿童胰腺病变病理类型广泛，ATP敏感性钾通道型高胰岛素血症是新生儿胰腺外科病理最常见病变；儿童胰腺肿瘤罕见，多为恶性，明确病理诊断十分重要。.