Blood Flow Restriction Training preserves knee flexion and extension torque following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review

Abstract

Background: There is inconsistency in the literature comparing the outcomes of Blood Flow Restriction Training versus Traditional Post-Operative Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine if Blood Flow Restriction Training can limit the loss of knee extension and knee flexion muscle torque during early recovery from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction better than Traditional Post-Operative Rehabilitation.

Methods: Three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) were searched for level 1 randomized controlled trials pertaining to Blood Flow Restriction Training after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. To maximize consistency among included studies, only studies which used knee flexion and knee extension muscle torque as the primary outcome measures were included. Search terms included "cruciate + occlusion", "cruciate + blood flow restriction", and "cruciate + occlusion training".

Results: Two level 1 trials with training protocols of 8 and 16 weeks yielded isokinetic knee flexion torque data in support of Blood Flow Restriction Training. Both trials demonstrated that Blood Flow Restriction Training also yielded significantly increased isokinetic knee extension torque compared to control groups.

Conclusion: The highest-quality level 1 trials evaluating knee extension and knee extension strength via isokinetic torque agree that Blood Flow Restriction Training limits post-operative losses of knee flexion and extension strength. No adverse events were reported in either study. Except for patients of whom Blood Flow Restriction is contraindicated, clinicians may consider utilizing Blood Flow Restriction Training from week 2 of the post-operative period through the conclusion of outpatient rehabilitation using low intensities, multiple times per week; however, further studies comparing Blood Flow Restriction Training protocols are necessary before an optimal protocol could be confidently recommended.

Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament; Blood flow restriction; Knee; Occlusion; Reconstruction; Rehabilitation; Sports medicine.