Context: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) with oil-soluble contrast medium (OSCM) improves pregnancy rates. However, OSCM has high iodine content and long half-life, leading to potential iodine excess.
Objective: This work aimed to determine the pattern of iodine excess after OSCM HSG and the effect on thyroid function.
Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted of 196 consecutive consenting eligible women without overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. All completed the study with compliance greater than 95%. Participants underwent OSCM HSG (Auckland, 2019-2021) with serial monitoring of thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and urine iodine concentration (UIC) for 24 weeks. The main outcome measure was the development of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), defined as a nonpregnant TSH greater than 4 mIU/L with normal FT4 (11-22 pmol/L) in those with normal baseline thyroid function.
Results: Iodine excess (UIC ≥ 300 μg/L) was almost universal (98%) with UIC peaking usually by 4 weeks. There was marked iodine excess, with 90% and 17% of participants having UIC greater than or equal to 1000 μg/L and greater than 10 000 μg/L, respectively. Iodine excess was prolonged with 67% having a UIC greater than or equal to 1000 μg/L for at least 3 months. SCH developed in 38%; the majority (96%) were mild (TSH 4-10 mIU/L) and most developed SCH by week 4 (75%). Three participants met the current treatment guidelines (TSH > 10 mIU/L). Thyroxine treatment of mild SCH tended to improve pregnancy success (P = .063). Hyperthyroidism (TSH < 0.3 mIU/L) occurred in 9 participants (5%).
Conclusion: OSCM HSG resulted in marked and prolonged iodine excess. SCH occurred frequently with late-onset hyperthyroidism occasionally. Regular thyroid function tests are required for 6 months following this procedure.
Keywords: hysterosalpingography; iodine; oil-soluble contrast; pregnancy; thyroid.
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society.