Screening of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome by the deep breathing technique

Abstract

Study objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with alterations in heart rate variability (HRV) in relation to chronic autonomic dysfunction. We tested the ability of the deep breathing technique-a simple way to evaluate HRV-to identify patients with OSAS.

Methods: Consecutive patients referred for suspected OSAS (without obesity, diabetes, and heart diseases) were included. They underwent a measure of HRV at rest and of heart rate oscillations during expiration vs inspiration (DeltaHR_DB) when breathing deeply at the resonant frequency of 6 cycles per minute (deep breathing technique) while sitting awake, followed by a nighttime polysomnography. We measured DeltaHR_DB and performed temporal and spectral HRV analysis.

Results: Of 31 included participants (77% male), 14 had mild to moderate OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index median [IQR]: 18 [12]) and 17 had no OSAS. The conventional HRV analysis did not reveal any difference between the groups with vs without OSAS. However, the DeltaHR_DB was lower in those with than without OSAS. Lower DeltaHR_DB correlated with higher apnea-hypopnea index, arousal index, and desaturation degree. A DeltaHR_DB below 11 beats per minute (bpm) predicted OSAS with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%.

Conclusions: The deep breathing technique accurately identifies a reduction in cardiac changes in patients with mild to moderate OSAS. It could be used as a simple screening tool to select patients for polysomnography.

Citation: Onanga M, Joanny S, Rivals I, et al. Screening of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome by the deep breathing technique. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(2):293-302.

Keywords: deep breathing; heart rate variability; obstructive sleep apnea; screening.