Effect of an Intensified Combined Electromyography and Visual Feedback Training on Facial Grading in Patients With Post-paralytic Facial Synkinesis

Gerd F Volk; Benjamin Roediger; Katharina Geißler; Anna-Maria Kuttenreich; Carsten M Klingner; Christian Dobel; Orlando Guntinas-Lichius

doi:10.3389/fresc.2021.746188

Effect of an Intensified Combined Electromyography and Visual Feedback Training on Facial Grading in Patients With Post-paralytic Facial Synkinesis

Front Rehabil Sci. 2021 Oct 14:2:746188. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2021.746188. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Gerd F Volk^{1

2}, Benjamin Roediger¹, Katharina Geißler^{1

2}, Anna-Maria Kuttenreich^{1

2}, Carsten M Klingner^{2

3}, Christian Dobel^{1

2}, Orlando Guntinas-Lichius^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
² Facial Nerve Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
³ Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.

Abstract

Background: There is no current standard for facial synkinesis rehabilitation programs. The benefit and stability of effect of an intensified 10-day facial training combining electromyography and visual biofeedback training was evaluated. Methods: Fifty-four patients (77.8% female; median age: 49.5 years) with post-paralytic facial synkinesis (median time to onset of paralysis: 31.1 months) were included in retrospective longitudinal study between January 2013 and June 2016. Facial function was assesses at baseline (T0), first days of training (T1), last day of training (T2), and follow-up visit (T3) at a median time of 6 months later using the House-Brackmann (HB) facial nerve grading system, Stennert index (SI), Facial Nerve Grading System 2.0 (FNGS 2.0), and Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS). Pairwise comparisons between the time points with post-hoc Bonferroni correction were performed. Results: No significant changes of the gradings and subscores were seen between T0 and T1 (all p > 0.01). The 10-day combined and intensified feedback training between T1 and T2 improved facial symmetry and decreased synkinetic activity. Facial grading with the FNGS 2.0 or the SFGS were most suited to depict the training effect. FNGS 2.0, regional score, FNGS 2.0, synkinesis score, and FNGS 2.0 total score improved significantly (all p ≤ 0.0001). Both, the FNGS 2.0 and the SFGS showed the strongest improvement in the nasolabial fold/zygomatic and the oral region. Neither the age of the patient (r = 0.168; p = 0.224), the gender (r = 0.126; p = 0.363) nor the length of the interval between onset of the palsy and training start (r = 0.011; p = 0.886) correlated with the changes of the SFGS between T1 and T2. The results remained stable between T2 and T3 without any further significant change. Conclusion: Intensified daily combined electromyography and visual biofeedback training over 10 days was effective in patients with facial synkinesis and benefits were stable 6 months after therapy.

Keywords: biofeedback; electromyography; facial nerve paralysis; physical therapy; rehabilitation; synkinesis.