The Impact and Management of Gynaecomastia in Klinefelter Syndrome

Amr Abdel Raheem; Ahmed Said Zaghloul; Ahmed M G Sadek; Bilal Rayes; Tarek M Abdel-Raheem

doi:10.3389/frph.2021.629673

The Impact and Management of Gynaecomastia in Klinefelter Syndrome

Front Reprod Health. 2021 Feb 12:3:629673. doi: 10.3389/frph.2021.629673. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Amr Abdel Raheem^{1

2}, Ahmed Said Zaghloul¹, Ahmed M G Sadek¹, Bilal Rayes³, Tarek M Abdel-Raheem⁴

Affiliations

¹ Andrology Department Cairo University Hospital, Beni Suef, Egypt.
² Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
³ King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁴ Prosperite Occupational Health, Leicester, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Gynecomastia is defined as a palpable enlargement of the male breast, secondary to an increase in the glandular and stromal breast tissue. Gynecomastia is encountered in up to 80% of Klinefelter syndrome cases. The pathophysiology involves testosterone/estrogen imbalance. This review article will further explore the pathophysiology of gynecomastia along with the different lines of management.

Keywords: Klinefelter syndrome; gynecomastia; hypogonadism; non-surgical management; surgical management.

Publication types

Review