1 Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
2 St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
3 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
4 Department of Anesthesia, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
5 Cardiovascular and Thoracic Division, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
6 Divisions of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Anesthesiology Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA.
7 Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiothoracic and Critical Care Sections, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC.
8 Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiothoracic Section, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC. Electronic address: rfernan@wakehealth.edu.