A systematic investigation reveals that Ishihara et al.'s (2008) STEARC effect only emerges when time is directly assessed

Abstract

The Spatial-TEmporal Association of Response Codes (STEARC) effect (Ishihara et al. in Cortex 44:454-461, 2008) is evidence that time is spatially coded along the horizontal axis. It consists in faster left-hand responses to early onset timing and faster right-hand responses to late onset timing. This effect has only been established using tasks that directly required to assess onset timing, while no studies investigated whether this association occurs automatically in the auditory modality. The current study investigated the occurrence of the STEARC effect by using a procedure similar to Ishihara and colleagues. Experiment 1 was a conceptual replication of the original study, in which participants directly discriminated the onset timing (early vs. late) of a target sound after listening to a sequence of auditory clicks. This experiment successfully replicated the STEARC effect and revealed that the onset timing is mapped categorically. In Experiments 2, 3a and 3b participants were asked to discriminate the timbre of the stimuli instead of directly assessing the onset timing. In these experiments, no STEARC effect was observed. This suggests that the auditory STEARC effect is only elicited when time is explicitly processed, thus questioning the automaticity of this phenomenon.

Figure 1

The panel (A) shows the mean of response times of the left and right hands, for the four onset timing of the target (early 1, early 2, late 1, late 2). The panel (B) shows the mean dRTs (right key–left key) for the four onset timing of the target. Positive differences indicate faster left-key responses; negative differences indicate faster right-key responses. Errors bars indicate standard error of the mean.

Figure 2

The panel (A) shows the mean of response times of the left and right hands for the four onset timing of the target (early 1, early 2, late 1, late 2). The panel (B) shows the mean dRTs (right key–left key) for each condition of the target. Positive differences indicate faster left-key responses; negative differences indicate faster right-key responses. Errors bars indicate standard error of the mean.

Figure 3

The panel (A) shows the mean of response times of the left and right hands for the four onset timing of the target (early 1, early 2, late 1, late 2). The panel (B) shows the mean dRTs (right key–left key) for each condition of the target. Positive differences indicate faster left-key responses; negative differences indicate faster right-key responses. Errors bars indicate standard error of the mean.

Figure 4

The panel (A) shows the mean of response times of the left and right hands for the four onset timing of the target (early 1, early 2, late 1, late 2). The panel (B) shows the mean dRTs (right key–left key) for each condition of the target. Positive differences indicate faster left-key responses; negative differences indicate faster right-key responses. Errors bars indicate standard error of the mean.