Perspectives of nursing home administrators across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Objective: To characterize the experiences of nursing home administrators as they manage facilities across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Data sources and study setting: We conducted 156 interviews, consisting of four repeated interviews with administrators from 40 nursing homes in eight health care markets across the country from July 2020 through December 2021.

Study design: We subjected the interview transcripts to a rigorous qualitative analysis to identify overarching themes using a modified grounded theory approach to applied thematic analysis.

Data collection methods: In-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted virtually or by phone, and audio-recorded, with participants' consent. Audio recordings were transcribed.

Principal findings: Interviews with nursing home administrators revealed a number of important cross-cutting themes. In interviewing each facility's administrator four times over the course of the pandemic, we heard perspectives regarding the stages of the pandemic, and how they varied by the facility and changed over time. We also heard how policies implemented by federal, state, and local governments to respond to COVID-19 were frequently changing, confusing, and conflicting. Administrators described the effect of COVID-19 and efforts to mitigate it on residents, including how restrictions on activities, communal dining, and visitation resulted in cognitive decline, depression, and weight loss. Administrators also discussed the impact of COVID-19 on staff and staffing levels, reporting widespread challenges in keeping facilities staffed as well as strategies used to hire and retain staff. Administrators described concerns for the sustainability of the nursing home industry resulting from the substantial costs and pressures associated with responding to COVID-19, the reductions in revenue, and the negative impact of how nursing homes appeared in the media.

Conclusions: Findings from our research reflect nursing home administrator perspectives regarding challenges operating during COVID-19 and have substantial implications for policy and practice.

Keywords: COVID-19; nursing homes; pandemic; qualitative; residents; skilled nursing facilities; staffing.