Retrospective behavioral sampling (RBS): A method to effectively track the cognitive fluctuations driven by naturalistic stimulation

Talia Brandman; Rafael Malach; Erez Simony

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.956708

Retrospective behavioral sampling (RBS): A method to effectively track the cognitive fluctuations driven by naturalistic stimulation

Front Hum Neurosci. 2022 Nov 9:16:956708. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.956708. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Talia Brandman¹, Rafael Malach¹, Erez Simony^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Brain Sciences and Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
² Faculty of Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, Israel.

Abstract

Everyday experiences are dynamic, driving fluctuations across simultaneous cognitive processes. A key challenge in the study of naturalistic cognition is to disentangle the complexity of these dynamic processes, without altering the natural experience itself. Retrospective behavioral sampling (RBS) is a novel approach to model the cognitive fluctuations corresponding to the time-course of naturalistic stimulation, across a variety of cognitive dimensions. We tested the effectiveness and reliability of RBS in a web-based experiment, in which 53 participants viewed short movies and listened to a story, followed by retrospective reporting. Participants recalled their experience of 55 discrete events from the stimuli, rating their quality of memory, magnitude of surprise, intensity of negative and positive emotions, perceived importance, reflectivity state, and mental time travel. In addition, a subset of the original cohort re-rated their memory of events in a follow-up questionnaire. Results show highly replicable fluctuation patterns across distinct cognitive dimensions, thereby revealing a stimulus-driven experience that is substantially shared among individuals. Remarkably, memory ratings more than a week after stimulation resulted in an almost identical time-course of memorability as measured immediately following stimulation. In addition, idiosyncratic response patterns were preserved across different stimuli, indicating that RBS characterizes individual differences that are stimulus invariant. The current findings highlight the potential of RBS as a powerful tool for measuring dynamic processes of naturalistic cognition. We discuss the promising approach of matching RBS fluctuations with dynamic processes measured via other testing modalities, such as neuroimaging, to study the neural manifestations of naturalistic cognitive processing.

Keywords: behavioral sampling; cognitive dynamics; cognitive fluctuations; individual typicality; memory; naturalistic perception; naturalistic stimulation; retrospective.