Effect of spinal anesthesia-induced deafferentation on pain processing in healthy male volunteers: A task-related fMRI study

Elske Sitsen; Najmeh Khalili-Mahani; Mischa de Rover; Albert Dahan; Marieke Niesters

doi:10.3389/fpain.2022.1001148

Effect of spinal anesthesia-induced deafferentation on pain processing in healthy male volunteers: A task-related fMRI study

Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022 Nov 30:3:1001148. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1001148. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Elske Sitsen¹, Najmeh Khalili-Mahani², Mischa de Rover^{3

4}, Albert Dahan¹, Marieke Niesters¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
² McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
³ Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁴ Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden, Netherlands.

Abstract

Background: Spinal anesthesia causes short-term deafferentation and alters the crosstalk among brain regions involved in pain perception and pain modulation. In the current study, we examined the effect of spinal anesthesia on pain response to noxious thermal stimuli in non-deafferented skin areas using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm.

Methods: Twenty-two healthy subjects participated in the study. We performed a task-based fMRI study using a randomized crossover design. Subjects were scanned under two conditions (spinal anesthesia or control) at two-time points: before and after spinal anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia resulted in sensory loss up to dermatome Th6. Calibrated heat-pain stimuli were administered to the right forearm (C8-Th1) using a box-car design (blocks of 10s on/25s off) during MRI scanning. Pain perception was measured using a visual analogue scale (1-100) at the beginning and the end of each session. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the effect of intervention by time by order on pain scores. Similarly, higher-level effects were tested with appropriate general linear models (accounting for within-subject variations in session and time) to examine: (1) Differences in BOLD response to pain stimulus under spinal anesthesia versus control; and (2) Effects of spinal anesthesia on pain-related modulation of the cerebral activation.

Results: Complete fMRI data was available for eighteen participants. Spinal anesthesia was associated with moderate pain score increase. Significant differences in brain response to noxious thermal stimuli were present in comparison of spinal versus control condition (post-pre). Spinal condition was associated with higher BOLD signal in the bilateral inferior parietal lobule and lower BOLD signal in bilateral postcentral and precentral gyrus. Within the angular regions, we observed a positive correlation between pain scores and BOLD signal. These observations were independent from order effect (whether the spinal anesthesia was administered in the first or the second visit). However, we did observe order effect on brain regions including medial prefrontal regions, possibly related to anticipation of the experience of spinal anesthesia.

Conclusions: The loss of sensory and motor activity caused by spinal anesthesia has a significant impact on brain regions involved in the sensorimotor and cognitive processing of noxious heat pain stimuli. Our results indicate that the anticipation or experience of a strong somatosensory response to the spinal intervention might confound and contribute to increased sensitivity to cognitive pain processing. Future studies must account for individual differences in subjective experience of pain sensation within the experimental context.

Keywords: deafferentation; inferior parietal lobule; pain; pain perception; randomized controlled trial; sensorimotor cortex; spinal anesthesia; task-related fMRI.