Malnutrition screening and treatment in pediatric oncology: a scoping review

Jessica Franke; Chris Bishop; Daniel V Runco

doi:10.1186/s40795-022-00643-3

Malnutrition screening and treatment in pediatric oncology: a scoping review

BMC Nutr. 2022 Dec 22;8(1):150. doi: 10.1186/s40795-022-00643-3.

Authors

Jessica Franke¹, Chris Bishop², Daniel V Runco^{3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA. jfranke167@marian.edu.
² Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.
³ Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, ROC Suite 4340, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. drunco@iupui.edu.
⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. drunco@iupui.edu.

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition and cachexia during pediatric cancer treatment worsen toxicity and quality-of-life. Clinical practice varies with lack of standard malnutrition definition and nutrition interventions. This scoping review highlights available malnutrition screening and intervention data in childhood cancer and the need for standardizing assessment and treatment.

Methods: Ovid Medline, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies containing malnutrition as the primary outcome with anthropometric, radiographic, or biochemical measurements. Secondary outcomes included validated nutritional assessment or screening tools. Two authors reviewed full manuscripts for inclusion. Narrative analysis was chosen over statistical analysis due to study heterogeneity.

Results: The search yielded 234 articles and 17 articles identified from reference searching. Nine met inclusion criteria with six nutritional intervention studies (examining appetite stimulants, nutrition supplementation, and proactive feeding tubes) and three nutritional screening studies (algorithms or nutrition support teams) each with variable measures and outcomes. Both laboratory evaluations (albumin, prealbumin, total protein) and body measurement (weight loss, mid-upper arm circumference) were used. Studies demonstrated improved weight, without difference between formula or appetite stimulant used. Screening studies yielded mixed results on preventing weight loss, weight gain, and survival.

Conclusion: Our review demonstrated a paucity of evidence for malnutrition screening and intervention in pediatric cancer treatment. While a variety of malnutrition outcomes, interventions, and screening tools exist, nutritional interventions increased weight and decreased complications. Screening tools decreased malnutrition risk and may improve weight gain. Potential age- and disease-specific nutritional benefits and toxicities also exist, further highlighting the benefit of standardizing malnutrition definitions, screening, and interventions.

Keywords: Cancer cachexia; Malnutrition; Nutrition; Pediatric.