Solanum elaeagnifolium Var. Obtusifolium (Dunal) Dunal: Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activities of Polyphenol-Rich Extracts Chemically Characterized by Use of In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

Mohammed Bouslamti; Amira Metouekel; Tarik Chelouati; Abdelfattah El Moussaoui; Azeddin El Barnossi; Mohamed Chebaibi; Hiba-Allah Nafidi; Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah; Abdulhakeem Alzahrani; Mourad A M Aboul-Soud; Mohammed Bourhia; Badiaa Lyoussi; Ahmed Samir Benjelloun

doi:10.3390/molecules27248688

Solanum elaeagnifolium Var. Obtusifolium (Dunal) Dunal: Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activities of Polyphenol-Rich Extracts Chemically Characterized by Use of In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

Molecules. 2022 Dec 8;27(24):8688. doi: 10.3390/molecules27248688.

Affiliations

¹ Laboratories of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco.
² Euromed Research Center, Euromed Faculty of Pharmacy, Euromed University of Fes (UEMF) Route de Meknes, Fez 30000, Morocco.
³ Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30050, Morocco.
⁴ Biomedical and Translational Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Fez, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30070, Morocco.
⁵ Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, 2325, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
⁶ Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technical Health, Laayoune 70000, Morocco.

Abstract

The present work was designed to study the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of fruits (SFr) and leaf (SF) extracts from Solanum elaeagnifolium var. obtusifolium (Dunal) Dunal (S. elaeagnifolium). The chemical composition was determined using HPLC-DAD analysis. Colorimetric methods were used to determine polyphenols and flavonoids. Antioxidant capacity was assessed with DPPH, TAC, and FRAP assays. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disk diffusion and microdilution assays against two Gram (+) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-6633 and Bacillus subtilis DSM-6333) and two Gram (-) bacteria (Escherichia coli K-12 and Proteus mirabilis ATCC-29906), while the antifungal effect was tested vs. Candida albicans ATCC-1023. By use of in silico studies, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the studied extracts were also investigated. HPLC analysis showed that both fruits and leaf extracts from S. elaeagnifolium were rich in luteolin, quercetin, gallic acid, and naringenin. Both SFr and SF generated good antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 35.15 ± 6.09 μg/mL and 132.46 ± 11.73 μg/mL, respectively. The EC₅₀ of SFr and SF was 35.15 ± 6.09 μg/mL and 132.46 ± 11.73 μg/mL, respectively. SFr and SF also showed a good total antioxidant capacity of 939.66 ± 5.01 μg AAE/and 890.1 ± 7.76 μg AAE/g, respectively. SFr had important antibacterial activity vs. all tested strains-most notably B. subtilis DSM-6333 and E. coli, with MICs values of 2.5 ± 0.00 mg/mL and 2.50 ± 0.00 mg/mL, respectively. SFr demonstrated potent antifungal activity against C. albicans, with an inhibition diameter of 9.00 ± 0.50 mm and an MIC of 0.31 ± 0.00 mg/mL. The in silico approach showed that all compounds detected in SFr and SF had high activity (between -5.368 and 8.416 kcal/mol) against the receptors studied, including NADPH oxidase, human acetylcholinesterase, and beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase.

Keywords: HPLC-DAD; Solanum; antimicrobial; antioxidant; fruits; leaves; molecular docking.

MeSH terms

Acetylcholinesterase / pharmacology
Anti-Bacterial Agents / chemistry
Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
Anti-Infective Agents* / pharmacology
Antifungal Agents / chemistry
Antifungal Agents / pharmacology
Antioxidants / chemistry
Antioxidants / pharmacology
Candida albicans
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli K12*
Humans
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Phenols / chemistry
Plant Extracts / chemistry
Plant Extracts / pharmacology
Polyphenols / pharmacology

Substances

Antioxidants
Polyphenols
Antifungal Agents
Acetylcholinesterase
Phenols
Plant Extracts
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Anti-Infective Agents

Grants and funding

This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2022R437), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and the authors would like to extend their appreciation for their support.