Background: Autistic masking is an emerging research area, and so far, research has suggested that masking has a negative effect on autistic people. Masking relates to general social practices (such as identity management) and is often driven by stigma avoidance. Many nonautistic people also experience stigma that might drive them to suppress aspects of their identity. In this study, we investigate similarities and differences in experiences of masking in autistic and nonautistic people.
Methods: We conducted an online survey about experiences and views of masking in autistic people (n = 144), neurodivergent people without an autism diagnosis (n = 49), and neurotypical people (n = 45) recruited via social media. We used thematic analysis to analyze responses to open-ended items about masking, using an inductive approach, at a semantic level, with a critical realist paradigm.
Results: Thematic analysis revealed that some aspects of masking are shared across autistic and nonautistic people, such as utilizing mimicry of others as a social strategy or feeling exhausted from masking. All groups reported that masking made them feel disconnected from their true sense of identity and had a negative effect on them. Other aspects of masking seemed more specific to autistic people, such as sensory suppression, and masking leading to suicidal ideation.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that many aspects of masking are experienced across different neurotypes and are likely related to outside perceptions of difference and stigma. It is likely that what we call "autistic masking" is similar to other forms of stigma management previously theorized. Some aspects of masking do seem more specific to the autistic neurotype (e.g., suppression of stimming) and should be explored further to provide support for autistic people recovering from the negative impact of masking.
Lay summary: Why was this study done?: Masking is the process of intentionally, or unintentionally, hiding aspects of yourself to avoid harm. Recent research has suggested that autistic people might mask a lot and that this can lead to long-term problems in mental health. At the moment, we do not know which parts of masking are specific to autistic people, and which parts might be experienced by others, especially other neurodivergent people who are not autistic, for example, people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).What was the purpose of this study?: The purpose of this study was to find out about masking in autistic and nonautistic people, to find out whether some parts of masking are specific to autistic people, or experienced by others.What did the researchers do?: We conducted an online survey about masking with three groups of people: autistic people, nonautistic people who have another neurodevelopmental or mental health diagnosis, such as dyslexia, ADHD, or depression, and nonautistic people who do not have any neurodevelopmental or mental health diagnoses. The survey included an open text box for people to write about their experiences of masking and their opinions about masking. We analyzed these responses using a method called "thematic analysis." This method helps us look for ideas that people commonly talk about in their answers.What were the results of this study?: We found out that autistic and nonautistic people think masking is very complicated and has a negative effect on them. Both autistic and nonautistic people said that masking made them exhausted and really unhappy and that it made them feel like people did not know the "real them." Only autistic people mentioned that masking sometimes makes them feel suicidal and that masking includes things that other groups did not mention (such as trying to hide being upset by sensory things such as loud noise).What do these findings add to what was already known?: Our findings suggest that some aspects of masking do not just affect autistic people (such as feeling like people do not know the real you), but other parts might be more unique to autistic people (such as hiding stims from other people).What are potential weaknesses in this study?: More women than men and nonbinary people took part, which means that we know more about women than other people. We also do not really know whether everyone in the nonautistic groups were really "not autistic." They could be autistic people who do not have a diagnosis, which might affect our results.How will these findings help autistic people now or in the future?: We hope our findings will help people to understand how masking affects autistic and nonautistic people. We also hope that people designing new studies will look at important things such as whether someone is autistic and nonbinary, or autistic and ADHD as these things might affect their experiences.
Keywords: autism; camouflaging; masking; neurodiversity.
Copyright 2021, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.