Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Dec 27;13(1):79.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13010079.

Endotoxin in Sepsis: Methods for LPS Detection and the Use of Omics Techniques

Grazia Maria Virzì  1   2 , Maria Mattiotti  1   2   3 , Massimo de Cal  1   2 , Claudio Ronco  1   2 , Monica Zanella  1   2 , Silvia De Rosa  2   4   5
Affiliations
Review

Endotoxin in Sepsis: Methods for LPS Detection and the Use of Omics Techniques

Grazia Maria Virzì et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin, the major cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. It is able to activate the host defense system through interaction with Toll-like receptor 4, thus triggering pro-inflammatory mechanisms. A large amount of LPS induces inappropriate activation of the immune system, triggering an exaggerated inflammatory response and consequent extensive organ injury, providing the basis of sepsis damage. In this review, we will briefly describe endotoxin's molecular structure and its main pathogenetic action during sepsis. In addition, we will summarize the main different available methods for endotoxin detection with a special focus on the wider spectrum offered by omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) and promising applications of these in the identification of specific biomarkers for sepsis.

Keywords: LPS; endotoxin; omics; proteomics; sepsis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) LPS structure and (b) LPS and TRL mechanism.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Biosensor characteristics and composition.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Precision medicine in sepsis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Singer M., Deutschman C.S., Seymour C., Shankar-Hari M., Annane D., Bauer M., Bellomo R., Bernard G.R., Chiche J.D., Coopersmith C.M., et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2016;315:801–810. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Riedemann N.C., Guo R.-F., Ward P.A. The Enigma of Sepsis. J. Clin. Investig. 2003;112:460–467. doi: 10.1172/JCI200319523. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ianaro A., Tersigni M., D’Acquisto F. New Insight in LPS Antagonist. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2009;9:306–317. doi: 10.2174/1389557510909030306. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sondhi P., Maruf M.H.U., Stine K.J. Nanomaterials for Biosensing Lipopolysaccharide. Biosensors. 2019;10:2. doi: 10.3390/bios10010002. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fleischmann C., Scherag A., Adhikari N.K.J., Hartog C.S., Tsaganos T., Schlattmann P., Angus D.C., Reinhart K. Assessment of Global Incidence and Mortality of Hospital-Treated Sepsis. Current Estimates and Limitations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016;193:259–272. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201504-0781OC. - DOI - PubMed

Grants and funding

This research received no external funding.

LinkOut - more resources