Association of Changes in Smoking Intensity With Risk of Dementia in Korea

Abstract

Importance: Several observational studies have reported that smoking cessation is associated with a lower risk of dementia. However, no studies have examined the association between change in smoking intensity and risk of dementia.

Objective: To investigate the association between a change in smoking intensity, including smoking reduction and smoking cessation, and risk of all dementia.

Design, setting, and participants: This cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Service database of Korea. The cohort included participants 40 years or older who underwent biennial health examinations (2009 and 2011) and had current smoking status at the first health examination. The cohort was followed up until December 31, 2018, and statistical analysis was performed between July and December 2021.

Exposures: Change in smoking intensity from baseline was defined operationally as follows: quitters (stopped smoking), reducers I (decreased number of cigarettes smoked per day by ≥50%), reducers II (decreased number of cigarettes smoked per day by 20%-50%), sustainers (maintained [decreased or increased] number of cigarettes smoked per day by less than 20%), or increasers (increased number of cigarettes smoked per day by ≥20%).

Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was newly diagnosed dementia, which was identified by prescribed antidementia medications with concomitant International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision diagnosis codes for dementia. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs were used to determine the association between change in smoking intensity and incidence of dementia, including Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD).

Results: A total of 789 532 participants (756 469 males [95.8%]; mean [SD] age, 52.2 [8.5] years) were included. During a median (IQR) follow-up period of 6.3 (6.1-6.6) years, 11 912 dementia events, including 8800 AD and 1889 VaD events, were identified. Overall, participants in the quitter group had a significantly lower risk of all dementia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.97) compared with those in the sustainer group. Those in the reducer I (aHR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.18-1.33) and increaser (aHR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06-1.18) groups had a significantly higher risk of all dementia compared with those in the sustainer group.The patterns for AD and VaD remained consistent with patterns for all dementia.

Conclusions and relevance: The results of this study showed that smoking cessation was associated with a lower risk of dementia compared with sustained smoking intensity, while smoking reduction was associated with a higher risk. Smoking cessation should be emphasized in efforts to reduce the disease burden of dementia.

Figure.. Association Between Categorical Change in Smoking Intensity and Risk of Dementia

Quitters were defined as those who stopped smoking; reducers (I and II), those who decreased the number of cigarettes smoked per day by at least 20%; sustainers, those who decreased or increased the number of cigarettes smoked per day by less than 20%; and increasers, those who increased the number of cigarettes smoked per day by at least 20%. The hazard ratio was adjusted for age, sex, household income, alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, area of residence, comorbidities, and body mass index. Error bars represent 95% CIs. aHR indicates adjusted hazard ratio.