Diagnostic Utility and Thresholds for Commonly Obtained Serum and Synovial Markers Prior to Reimplantation in Periprosthetic Joint Infection

Abstract

Background: Accurate diagnosis of persistent periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) during 2-stage exchange remains a challenge. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance and thresholds of several commonly obtained serum and synovial markers to better guide reimplantation timing.

Methods: This was a retrospective review of 249 patients who underwent 2-stage exchange with antibiotic spacers for PJI. Serum and synovial markers analyzed included white blood cell (WBC) count, polymorphonuclear percentage (PMN%), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and absolute neutrophil count (ANC). Serum markers analyzed were erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as percentage change in ESR and CRP from initial diagnosis to reimplantation. Area under the curve (AUC) analyses were performed to determine diagnostic accuracy of detecting PJI.

Results: In TKAs, synovial ANC and WBC had the highest AUCs (0.76), with thresholds of 2,952 and 3,800 cells/μL, respectively. The next best marker was serum CRP (0.73) with a threshold of 5.2 mg/dL. In THAs, serum CRP had the highest AUC (0.84) with a threshold of 4.3 mg/dL, followed by synovial PMN% (0.80) with a threshold of 77%. Percentage change in serum ESR or CRP provided low diagnostic value overall.

Conclusion: Regarding serum markers, CRP consistently performed well in detecting persistent PJI in patients with antibiotic spacers. Absolute values of serum CRP and ESR had better diagnostic value than trends for guiding reimplantation timing. Diagnostic performance differed with joint type; however, synovial markers outperformed serum counterparts. No marker alone can be utilized to diagnose residual PJI in these patients, and further work is needed in this domain.

Keywords: diagnosis; markers; periprosthetic joint infection; reimplantation; thresholds.